Spring注解原理探索(一)

之 Java元注解释义

Question
  • 注解在Java中如何起作用?
  • Spring是如何识别注解?
  • 如何自定义注解为我所用?
  • Spring注解:
    @Aotuwired @Required @Qualifier @Provider @Scope ...
  • Spring MVC 注解:
    @Controller @Service @Repository @Component @RequestMapping @RequetBody @ResponseBody ...
Extension
Solution

Java注解起源:JDK1.5
常见Java注解 :

  • @Override
  • @Deprecated
  • @SupressWarnings

1.从@Override说起,引出Java注解和元注解。
@Override 源码如下:

/*If a method is annotated with this annotation type 
 * compilers are required to generate an error message 
 * unless at least one of the following conditions hold:
 *
 * The method does override or implement a method declared in a
 * supertype.
 * The method has a signature that is override-equivalent to that of
 * any public method declared in {@linkplain Object}.
 */
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface Override {    // @interface 修饰注解类
}

注意@Override 源码中有3个要点:

  • @interface:修饰注解类使用@interface,而不是interface。这就定义了一个注解 @Override。
  • Java元注解:@Target, @Retention。Java元注解即:定义注解的注解(To annotate the annotation)。
  • 元注解参数:ElementType.METHOD, RetentionPolicy.SOURCE

2.再看@Retention源码(Retention: 保留,滞留之意。)

/* Indicates how long annotations with the annotated type are to
 * be retained.  If no Retention annotation is present on
 * an annotation type declaration, the retention policy defaults to
 * {@code RetentionPolicy.CLASS}.
 *
 * A Retention meta-annotation has effect only if the
 * meta-annotated type is used directly for annotation.  It has no
 * effect if the meta-annotated type is used as a member type in
 * another annotation type.
*/
@Documented     // 表明 注解会被包含在Java API文档中。
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Retention {
    /**
     * Returns the retention policy.
     * @return the retention policy
     */
    RetentionPolicy value();
}
public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 保留在源码级别,被编译器抛弃,如@Override(如上@Override源码);
RetentionPolicy.CLASS 被编译器保留在编译后的class文件,但是被VM抛弃;
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME 保留至运行时,可以被反射读取。如 @Retention 元注解本身。
** 引申1:如果定义一个注解需要被反射读取,则在定义这个注解的时候将添加@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) 元注解。**

3.再看@Target 元注解,定义了注解应该起作用的地方。

@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)   // 保留到运行时
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Target {
    /**
     * Returns an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
     * can be applied to.
     * @return an array of the kinds of elements an annotation type
     * can be applied to.
     */
    ElementType[] value();
}

注解作用位置:

public enum ElementType {
    TYPE,                             // 类,接口(包括注解),enum;
    FIELD,                            // 属性域
    METHOD,                           // 方法
    PARAMETER,                        // 参数
    CONSTRUCTOR,                      // 构造函数
    LOCAL_VARIABLE,                   // 局部变量
    ANNOTATION_TYPE,                  // 注解类型
    PACKAGE,                          // 包

    /**
     * Type parameter declaration
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_PARAMETER,                   // 表明可以标注 类型参数

    /**
     * Use of a type
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_USE                          // 可以注解 任何类型名称
}

** 引申2:如果想要自定义一个注解,就必须指定注解作用的位置。作用在 类,方法,属性域,构造函数等。 **

举例 SpringMVC 中的 @RequestMapping。
其源码定义如下:

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Mapping
public @interface RequestMapping {
    // skip its class code.
}

@RequestMapping 的@Target元注解 表明它可以被使用在方法和类(或接口,注解,enum)上。
@RequestMapping 的@Retention元注解表明它可以保留到运行时(RUNTIME),被反射读取。

** 引申3:如果想要自定义注解,除了添加@interface 修饰类名,必须满足上述引申1和引申2。 **
那么如何自定义注解?
请参考:Spring注解原理探索(二)之 Java中如何自定义注解

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