MongoDB是一个NoSQL数据库系统:一个数据库可以包含多个集合(Collection),每个集合对应于关系数据库中的表;而每个集合中可以存储一组由列标识的记录,列是可以自由定义的,非常灵活,由一组列标识的实体的集合对应于关系数据库表中的行。下面通过熟悉MongoDB的基本管理命令,来了解MongoDB提供的DBMS的基本功能和行为。
MongoDB命令帮助系统
在安装MongoDB后,启动服务器进程(mongod),可以通过在客户端命令mongo实现对MongoDB的管理和监控。看一下MongoDB的命令帮助系统:
root@dev2:~# mongo MongoDB shell version: 1.8.3 connecting to: test > help db.help() help on db methods db.mycoll.help() help on collection methods rs.help() help on replica set methods help connect connecting to a db help help admin administrative help help misc misc things to know help mr mapreduce help show dbs show database names show collections show collections in current database show users show users in current database show profile show most recent system.profile entries with time >= 1ms useset current database db.foo.find() list objects in collection foo db.foo.find( { a : 1 } ) list objects in foo where a == 1 it result of the last line evaluated; use to further iterate DBQuery.shellBatchSize = x set default number of items to display on shell exit quit the mongo shell
这是MongoDB最顶层的命令列表,主要告诉我们管理数据库相关的一些抽象的范畴:数据库操作帮助、集合操作帮助、管理帮助。如果你想了解数据库操作更详细的帮助命令,可以直接使用db.help(),如下所示:
> db.help() DB methods: db.addUser(username, password[, readOnly=false]) db.auth(username, password) db.cloneDatabase(fromhost) db.commandHelp(name) returns the help for the command db.copyDatabase(fromdb, todb, fromhost) db.createCollection(name, { size : ..., capped : ..., max : ... } ) db.currentOp() displays the current operation in the db db.dropDatabase() db.eval(func, args) run code server-side db.getCollection(cname) same as db['cname'] or db.cname db.getCollectionNames() db.getLastError() - just returns the err msg string db.getLastErrorObj() - return full status object db.getMongo() get the server connection object db.getMongo().setSlaveOk() allow this connection to read from the nonmaster member of a replica pair db.getName() db.getPrevError() db.getProfilingLevel() - deprecated db.getProfilingStatus() - returns if profiling is on and slow threshold db.getReplicationInfo() db.getSiblingDB(name) get the db at the same server as this one db.isMaster() check replica primary status db.killOp(opid) kills the current operation in the db db.listCommands() lists all the db commands db.printCollectionStats() db.printReplicationInfo() db.printSlaveReplicationInfo() db.printShardingStatus() db.removeUser(username) db.repairDatabase() db.resetError() db.runCommand(cmdObj) run a database command. if cmdObj is a string, turns it into { cmdObj : 1 } db.serverStatus() db.setProfilingLevel(level,) 0=off 1=slow 2=all db.shutdownServer() db.stats() db.version() current version of the server db.getMongo().setSlaveOk() allow queries on a replication slave server
对数据库进行管理和操作的基本命令,可以从上面获取到。如果想要得到更多,而且每个命令的详细用法,可以使用上面列出的db.listCommands()查询。
另一个比较基础的是对指定数据库的集合进行操作、管理和监控,可以通过查询db.mycoll.help()获取到:
> db.mycoll.help() DBCollection help db.mycoll.find().help() - show DBCursor help db.mycoll.count() db.mycoll.dataSize() db.mycoll.distinct( key ) - eg. db.mycoll.distinct( 'x' ) db.mycoll.drop() drop the collection db.mycoll.dropIndex(name) db.mycoll.dropIndexes() db.mycoll.ensureIndex(keypattern[,options]) - options is an object with these possible fields: name, unique, dropDups db.mycoll.reIndex() db.mycoll.find([query],[fields]) - query is an optional query filter. fields is optional set of fields to return. e.g. db.mycoll.find( {x:77} , {name:1, x:1} ) db.mycoll.find(...).count() db.mycoll.find(...).limit(n) db.mycoll.find(...).skip(n) db.mycoll.find(...).sort(...) db.mycoll.findOne([query]) db.mycoll.findAndModify( { update : ... , remove : bool [, query: {}, sort: {}, 'new': false] } ) db.mycoll.getDB() get DB object associated with collection db.mycoll.getIndexes() db.mycoll.group( { key : ..., initial: ..., reduce : ...[, cond: ...] } ) db.mycoll.mapReduce( mapFunction , reduceFunction ,) db.mycoll.remove(query) db.mycoll.renameCollection( newName , ) renames the collection. db.mycoll.runCommand( name , ) runs a db command with the given name where the first param is the collection name db.mycoll.save(obj) db.mycoll.stats() db.mycoll.storageSize() - includes free space allocated to this collection db.mycoll.totalIndexSize() - size in bytes of all the indexes db.mycoll.totalSize() - storage allocated for all data and indexes db.mycoll.update(query, object[, upsert_bool, multi_bool]) db.mycoll.validate() - SLOW db.mycoll.getShardVersion() - only for use with sharding
有关数据库和集合管理的相关命令,是最基础和最常用的,如集合查询、索引操作等。
基本命令及实例
下面通过实际的例子来演示一些常见的命令:
(一)基本命令
1、show dbs
{ "host" : "dev2", "version" : "1.8.3", "process" : "mongod", "uptime" : 845446, "uptimeEstimate" : 839192, "localTime" : ISODate("2011-12-27T04:03:12.512Z"), "globalLock" : { "totalTime" : 845445636925, "lockTime" : 13630973982, "ratio" : 0.016122827283818857, "currentQueue" : { "total" : 0, "readers" : 0, "writers" : 0 }, "activeClients" : { "total" : 0, "readers" : 0, "writers" : 0 } }, "mem" : { "bits" : 64, "resident" : 12208, "virtual" : 466785, "supported" : true, "mapped" : 466139 }, "connections" : { "current" : 27, "available" : 792 }, "extra_info" : { "note" : "fields vary by platform", "heap_usage_bytes" : 70895216, "page_faults" : 17213898 }, "indexCounters" : { "btree" : { "accesses" : 4466653, "hits" : 4465526, "misses" : 1127, "resets" : 0, "mi***atio" : 0.00025231420484197006 } }, "backgroundFlushing" : { "flushes" : 14090, "total_ms" : 15204393, "average_ms" : 1079.0910574875797, "last_ms" : 669, "last_finished" : ISODate("2011-12-27T04:02:28.713Z") }, "cursors" : { "totalOpen" : 3, "clientCursors_size" : 3, "timedOut" : 53 }, "network" : { "bytesIn" : 63460818650, "bytesOut" : 763926196104, "numRequests" : 67055921 }, "opcounters" : { "insert" : 7947057, "query" : 35720451, "update" : 16263239, "delete" : 154, "getmore" : 91707, "command" : 68520 }, "asserts" : { "regular" : 0, "warning" : 1, "msg" : 0, "user" : 7063866, "rollovers" : 0 }, "writeBacksQueued" : false, "ok" : 1 }
有时,通过查看数据库服务器的状态,可以判断数据库是否存在问题,如果有问题,如数据损坏,可以及时执行修复。
> db.stats() { "db" : "fragment", "collections" : 12, "objects" : 384553, "avgObjSize" : 3028.40198360174, "dataSize" : 1164581068, "storageSize" : 1328351744, "numExtents" : 109, "indexes" : 10, "indexSize" : 16072704, "fileSize" : 4226809856, "ok" : 1 }
显示fragment数据库的统计信息。
> db.getCollectionNames() [ "17u", "baseSe", "bytravel", "daodao", "go2eu", "lotour", "lvping", "mafengwo", "sina", "sohu", "system.indexes" ]
(二)基本DDL和DML
> show dbs admin 0.03125GB local (empty) pagedb 0.03125GB test 0.03125GB > use LuceneIndexDB switched to db LuceneIndexDB > show dbs admin 0.03125GB local (empty) pagedb 0.03125GB test 0.03125GB > db LuceneIndexDB > db.storeCollection.save({'version':'3.5', 'segment':'e3ol6'}) > show dbs LuceneIndexDB 0.03125GB admin 0.03125GB local (empty) pagedb 0.03125GB test 0.03125GB >
> db.createCollection('replicationColletion', {'capped':true, 'size':10240, 'max':17855200}) { "ok" : 1 } > show collections replicationColletion storeCollection system.indexes
4、删除集合
删除集合,可以执行db.mycoll.drop()。
5、插入更新记录
直接使用集合的save方法,如下所示:
> db.storeCollection.save({'version':'3.5', 'segment':'e3ol6'})
更新记录,使用save会将原来的记录值进行覆盖实现记录更新。
6、查询一条记录
使用findOne()函数,参数为查询条件,可选,系统会随机查询获取到满足条件的一条记录(如果存在查询结果数量大于等于1)示例如下所示:
> db.storeCollection.findOne({'version':'3.5'}) { "_id" : ObjectId("4ef970f23c1fc4613425accc"), "version" : "3.5", "segment" : "e3ol6" }
7、查询多条记录
使用find()函数,参数指定查询条件,不指定条件则查询全部记录。
8、删除记录
使用集合的remove()方法,参数指定为查询条件,示例如下所示:
> db.storeCollection.remove({'version':'3.5'}) > db.storeCollection.findOne() null
9、创建索引
可以使用集合的ensureIndex(keypattern[,options])方法,示例如下所示:
> use pagedb switched to db pagedb > db.page.ensureIndex({'title':1, 'url':-1}) > db.system.indexes.find() { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "v" : 0 } { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "pagedb.system.users", "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "v" : 0} { "_id" : ObjectId("4ef977633c1fc4613425accd"), "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : {"title" : 1, "url" : -1 }, "name" : "title_1_url_-1", "v" : 0 }
上述,ensureIndex方法参数中,数字1表示升序,-1表示降序。
使用db.system.indexes.find()可以查询全部索引。
10、查询索引
我们为集合建立的索引,那么可以通过集合的getIndexes()方法实现查询,示例如下所示:
> db.page.getIndexes() [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "v" : 0 }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4ef977633c1fc4613425accd"), "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : { "title" : 1, "url" : -1 }, "name" : "title_1_url_-1", "v" : 0 } ]
当然,如果需要查询系统中全部的索引,可以使用db.system.indexes.find()函数。
11、删除索引
删除索引给出了两个方法:
db.mycoll.dropIndex(name) db.mycoll.dropIndexes()
第一个通过指定索引名称,第二个删除指定集合的全部索引。
12、索引重建
可以通过集合的reIndex()方法进行索引的重建,示例如下所示:> db.page.reIndex() { "nIndexesWas" : 2, "msg" : "indexes dropped for collection", "ok" : 1, "nIndexes" : 2, "indexes" : [ { "name" : "_id_", "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : { "_id" : 1 }, "v" : 0 }, { "_id" : ObjectId("4ef977633c1fc4613425accd"), "ns" : "pagedb.page", "key" : { "title" : 1, "url" : -1 }, "name" : "title_1_url_-1", "v" : 0 } ], "ok" : 1 }
13、统计集合记录数
use fragment
db.baseSe.count()
统计结果,如下所示:
> use fragment switched to db fragment > db.baseSe.count() 36749
上述执行先根据查询条件查询结果,然后统计了查询数据库fragment的baseSe结果记录集合中记录数。
15、查询指定数据库的集合当前可用的存储空间
use fragment
> db.baseSe.storageSize()
142564096
16、查询指定数据库的集合分配的存储空间
> db.baseSe.totalSize()
144096000
上述查询结果中,包括为集合(数据及其索引存储)分配的存储空间。
(三)启动与终止
(四)安全管理
1、以安全认证模式启动或者,也可以修改/etc/mongodb.conf,设置auth=true,重启mongod进程。
{ "user" : "admin", "readOnly" : false, "pwd" : "995d2143e0bf79cba24b58b3e41852cd" }
3、安全认证
{ "user" : "admin", "readOnly" : false, "pwd" : "995d2143e0bf79cba24b58b3e41852cd" }
如果是认证用户,执行某些命令,可以看到正确执行结果,如下所示:
db.system.users.find() { "_id" : ObjectId("4ef940a13c1fc4613425acc8"), "user" : "admin", "readOnly" : false, "pwd" : "995d2143e0bf79cba24b58b3e41852cd" }
否则,认证失败,则执行相关命令会提示错误:
db.system.users.find() error: { "$err" : "unauthorized db:admin lock type:-1 client:127.0.0.1", "code" : 10057 }
4、为数据库写数据(同步到磁盘)加锁
说明:
{ "info" : "now locked against writes, use db.$cmd.sys.unlock.findOne() to unlock", "ok" : 1 }
{ "inprog" : [ ], "fsyncLock" : 1, "info" : "use db.$cmd.sys.unlock.findOne() to terminate the fsync write/snapshot lock" }
其中,fsyncLock为1表示MongoDB的fsync进程(负责将写入改变同步到磁盘)不允许其他进程执行写数据操作
db.$cmd.sys.unlock.findOne()
{ "ok" : 1, "info" : "unlock requested" }
可以执行命令查看锁状态:
db.currentOp()
状态信息如下:
{ "inprog" : [ ] }
说明当前没有锁,可以执行写数据操作。
(五)数据备份、恢复与迁移管理
cd testbak
mongodump
2、备份指定数据库
mongodump -d pagedb
mongorestore --drop
mongorestore -d pagedb --drop
说明:将备份的pagedb的数据恢复到数据库。
mongorestore -d pagedb -c page --drop
说明:将备份的pagedb的的page集合的数据恢复到数据库。
--type支持的类型有三个:csv、tsv、json
其他各个选项的使用,可以查看帮助:
mongoimport --help options: --help produce help message -v [ --verbose ] be more verbose (include multiple times for more verbosity e.g. -vvvvv) -h [ --host ] arg mongo host to connect to (/s1,s2 for sets) --port arg server port. Can also use --host hostname:port --ipv6 enable IPv6 support (disabled by default) -u [ --username ] arg username -p [ --password ] arg password --dbpath arg directly access mongod database files in the given path, instead of connecting to a mongod server - needs to lock the data directory, so cannot be used if a mongod is currently accessing the same path --directoryperdb if dbpath specified, each db is in a separate directory -d [ --db ] arg database to use -c [ --collection ] arg collection to use (some commands) -f [ --fields ] arg comma separated list of field names e.g. -f name,age --fieldFile arg file with fields names - 1 per line --ignoreBlanks if given, empty fields in csv and tsv will be ignored --type arg type of file to import. default: json (json,csv,tsv) --file arg file to import from; if not specified stdin is used --drop drop collection first --headerline CSV,TSV only - use first line as headers --upsert insert or update objects that already exist --upsertFields arg comma-separated fields for the query part of the upsert. You should make sure this is indexed --stopOnError stop importing at first error rather than continuing --jsonArray load a json array, not one item per line. Currently limited to 4MB.
8、从向MongoDB导出数据
说明:将pagedb数据库中page集合的数据导出到pages.csv文件,其中各选项含义:
-f 指定cvs列名为_id,title,url,spiderName,pubDate
-q 指定查询条件
其他各个选项的使用,可以查看帮助:
mongoexport --help options: --help produce help message -v [ --verbose ] be more verbose (include multiple times for more verbosity e.g. -vvvvv) -h [ --host ] arg mongo host to connect to (/s1,s2 for sets) --port arg server port. Can also use --host hostname:port --ipv6 enable IPv6 support (disabled by default) -u [ --username ] arg username -p [ --password ] arg password --dbpath arg directly access mongod database files in the given path, instead of connecting to a mongod server - needs to lock the data directory, so cannot be used if a mongod is currently accessing the same path --directoryperdb if dbpath specified, each db is in a separate directory -d [ --db ] arg database to use -c [ --collection ] arg collection to use (some commands) -f [ --fields ] arg comma separated list of field names e.g. -f name,age --fieldFile arg file with fields names - 1 per line -q [ --query ] arg query filter, as a JSON string --csv export to csv instead of json -o [ --out ] arg output file; if not specified, stdout is used --jsonArray output to a json array rather than one object per line
mongoexport -d page -c Article -q '{"spiderName": "mafengwoSpider"}' -f _id,title,content,p_w_picpaths,publishDate,spiderName,url --jsonArray > mafengwoArticle.txt
否则,就会出现下面的错误:
ERROR: too many positional options
(六)远程连接管理
mongo -u admin -p admin 192.168.0.197:27017/pagedb
通过mongo实现连接,可以非常灵活的选择参数选项,参看命令帮助,如下所示:
mongo --help MongoDB shell version: 1.8.3 usage: mongo [options] [db address] [file names (ending in .js)] db address can be: foo foo database on local machine 192.169.0.5/foo foo database on 192.168.0.5 machine 192.169.0.5:9999/foo foo database on 192.168.0.5 machine on port 9999 options: --shell run the shell after executing files --nodb don't connect to mongod on startup - no 'db address' arg expected --quiet be less chatty --port arg port to connect to --host arg server to connect to --eval arg evaluate javascript -u [ --username ] arg username for authentication -p [ --password ] arg password for authentication -h [ --help ] show this usage information --version show version information --verbose increase verbosity --ipv6 enable IPv6 support (disabled by default)
> var x = new Mongo('192.168.0.197:27017') > var ydb = x.getDB('pagedb'); > use ydb switched to db ydb > db ydb > ydb.page.findOne() { "_id" : ObjectId("4eded6a5bf3bfa0014000003"), "content" : "巴黎是浪漫的城市,可是...", "pubdate" : "2006-03-19", "title" : "巴黎:从布鲁塞尔赶到巴黎", "url" : "http://france.bytravel.cn/Scenery/528/cblsegdbl.html" }
上述通过MongoDB提供的JavaScript脚本,实现对另一个远程数据库服务器进行连接,操作指定数据库pagedb的page集合。
> var x = new Mongo('192.168.0.197:27017') > var ydb = x.getDB('pagedb', 'shirdrn', '(jkfFS$343$_\=\,.F@3'); > use ydb switched to db ydb