参考：https://www.iteye.com/blog/vinnie424-2276444
第一行为输入命令，接下来是输入命令后的显示
1. 用 sudo fdisk -l查看卷标，可以看到下面要挂载的 300GB的 /dev/vdb
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x3fa1d255
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vda1 * 2048 104857566 104855519 50G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 300 GiB, 322122547200 bytes, 629145600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
2. 使用fdisk工具对/dev/vdb进行分区
这里需要多次输入，显示 # 注释的地方需要再次输入
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xea2bbc54.
Command (m for help): m # 显示帮助
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): n #输入“n”增加一个分区
Partition type # --选择是建立主分区还是扩展分区
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): P #--输入“p”建立主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 # --输入分区号
First sector (2048-629145599, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-629145599, default 629145599):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 300 GiB.
Command (m for help): w # --写入分区表并退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
3. 分区完毕，可以使用 fdisk -l查看是否分区成功
可以看到，出现了300GB的 /dev/vdb1
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x3fa1d255
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vda1 * 2048 104857566 104855519 50G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 300 GiB, 322122547200 bytes, 629145600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xea2bbc54
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1 2048 629145599 629143552 300G 83 Linux
4. 如果是挂载新硬盘，需要进行格式化，一般使用ext4格式,格式化请谨慎，如果有数据会造成数据丢失
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb1
mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Creating filesystem with 78642944 4k blocks and 19660800 inodes
Filesystem UUID: a9a0fb6c-a295-4d2c-afc7-ba16f8312444
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (262144 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
5. 将分区挂载到建立好的目录上
这里在主目录上新建了一个 new_disk 文件夹，再进行挂载即可
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ sudo mount /dev/vdb1 new_disk/
6. 最后使用 df -h即可看到
(base) ubuntu@VM-32-14-ubuntu:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 379M 5.2M 374M 2% /run
/dev/vda1 50G 28G 20G 60% /
tmpfs 1.9G 24K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 379M 0 379M 0% /run/user/500
/dev/vdb1 295G 65M 280G 1% /home/ubuntu/new_disk
7. fstab配置挂载信息，使得重启仍然在挂载
到 /etc/fstab 下配置挂载信息，添加一条记录，如有就复制一条，修改一下即可（十分重要） 如下：
/dev/vdb1 /home/ubuntu/new_disk auto defaults,nofail,comment=cloudconfig 0 2
添加完毕以后可以试一下fstab文件是否能正常运行。
sudo mount -a
没有输入或其他错误则表示成果，如果出现错误，不要重启，将fastab配置的内容先删掉
8. 解除挂载
sudo umount /dev/vdb1