ansible变量的使用方法
1.主机变量：直接在/etc/ansible/hosts文件中，主机的后边设置key=value的格式
注：inventory_hostname是ansible自带的变量，代表组中的每个主机
#在配置文件中定义主机变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
192.168.2.101 key=101
192.168.2.111 key=111
#写playbook，测试主机变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat hosts_vars.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: 显示主机变量
debug: msg="The server ip is {{ inventory_hostname }},The key is {{ key }}"
#执行playbook,查看主机变量是否正常显示
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.111]
ok: [192.168.2.101]
TASK [显示主机变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is 101"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is 111"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
2.主机组变量
#在配置文件中定义主机组变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
192.168.2.101
192.168.2.111
[webservers:vars]
ansiber_version=2.3
key=nginx
#写playbook，测试主机组变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat hosts_group_vars.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: "显示主机组变量"
debug: msg="The server ip is {{ inventory_hostname }},The key is {{ key }}"
#执行playbook,查看主机组变量是否正常显示
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_group_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.111]
ok: [192.168.2.101]
TASK [显示主机组变量] *****************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is nginx"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is nginx"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
3.通过/etc/ansible下的文件定义主机以及主机组变量
主机变量目录：host_vars(注：需要在此目录下为每个主机创建一个文件，在此文件中定义变量)
组变量目录：group_vars(注：需要在此目录下创建一个以主机组名命名的文件，在此文件中定义变量)
注：以上两个目录均不存在，需要自己手动创建；mkdir /etc/ansible/{host_vars,group_vars}
注：当需要为所有主机或者所有主机组创建一样的变量时，在host_vars和group_vars目录下，创建all文件并写入变量即可~
#在配置文件中定义主机组变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[webservers]
192.168.2.101
192.168.2.111
#在host_vars目录下创建以主机名为名字的文件，并在此文件中配置变量，变量格式为: key: value
[root@nfs-server ansible]# head host_vars/*
==> host_vars/192.168.2.101 <==
key: 101
==> host_vars/192.168.2.111 <==
key: 111
#在group_vars目录创建以主机组为名字的文件，并在此文件中配置变量，变量格式为：key: value
[root@nfs-server ansible]# head group_vars/*
name: nginx
#测试主机变量：利用上面写的主机变量playbook进行测试
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.111]
ok: [192.168.2.101]
TASK [显示主机变量和主机组变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is 101"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is 111"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
#测试主机组变量：利用上面写的主机组变量playbook进行测试(把key名字改为了name)
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_group_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101]
ok: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [显示主机组变量] *****************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The application is nginx"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The application is nginx"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
4.通过命令行传入变量，或者变量文件
-e,--extra-vars:此参数表示从命令行传入变量
-e "key=value":直接传递变量的格式
-e "@vars.yml":传递变量文件的格式
#在playbook中引用一个key为YOURNAME,此key通过命令行传入
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat hosts_vars.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: 显示主机变量和主机组变量
debug: msg="The server ip is {{ inventory_hostname }},The key is {{ YOURNAME }}"
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml -e "YOURNAME=liuzhengwei"
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101]
ok: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [显示主机变量和主机组变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is liuzhengwei"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is liuzhengwei"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
#在playbook中引用一个key为YOURNAME,此key通过提前定义的变量文件传入
#下面文件为变量文件
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat vars/vars.yml
abc: LIUZHENGWEI
#通过命令行将此变量文件传入
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml -e "@vars/vars.yml"
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.111]
ok: [192.168.2.101]
TASK [显示主机变量和主机组变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is LIUZHENGWEI"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is LIUZHENGWEI"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
5.在playbook文件中定义变量：格式为key: value
#在playbook文件中定义变量abc
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat hosts_vars.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
vars:
abc: liuzhengwei
tasks:
- name: 显示主机变量和主机组变量
debug: msg="The server ip is {{ inventory_hostname }},The key is {{ abc }}"
#执行playbook测试变量是否生效
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.111]
ok: [192.168.2.101]
TASK [显示主机变量和主机组变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is liuzhengwei"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is liuzhengwei"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
6.在playbook文件中引用定义了变量的文件：vars_files
#在playbook文件中引用定义了变量的文件vars/vars.yml
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat vars/vars.yml
abc: LIUZHENGWEI
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat hosts_vars.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
vars_files:
- vars/vars.yml
tasks:
- name: 显示主机变量和主机组变量
debug: msg="The server ip is {{ inventory_hostname }},The key is {{ abc }}"
#执行playbook测试变量是否生效
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook hosts_vars.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101]
ok: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [显示主机变量和主机组变量] ************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.101,The key is LIUZHENGWEI"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The server ip is 192.168.2.111,The key is LIUZHENGWEI"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
7.使用register内的变量
ansible playbook内task之间可以互相传递变量，比如我们总共有2个tasks,其中第2个task是否执行需要判断第一个task运行后的结果，这个时候我们就得在task之间传递数据，需要把第一个task执行的结果传递给第2个task.Ansible task之间传递数据使用register方式。
#注：这是第1个task把执行hostname的结果register给info这个变量
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat register_var.yml
---
- hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: register variables
shell: hostname
register: info
- name: display variables
#debug: msg="The variable is {{ info['stdout'] }}"
debug: msg="The variable is {{ info.stdout }}"
#注：register返回结果是字典的方式，所以用info.stdout或info['stdout']的方式返回结果
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook register_var.yml
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101]
ok: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [register variables] ******************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.2.101]
changed: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [display variables] *******************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "The variable is lamp1"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "The variable is lamp2"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=3 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0
8.使用vars_prompt传入变量（vars_prompt是以交互式的方式给定义好的参数传入变量值）
注：交互式传入的变量值可以是加密的也可以是不加密的，用private进行定义
#交互式输入变量值，传递给tasks，private=no表示输入的变量值不加密，private=yes表示加密
[root@nfs-server playbook]# cat vars_prompt.yml
---
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
vars_prompt:
- name: "one"
prompt: "please input one value"
private: no
- name: "two"
prompt: "please input two value"
private: yes
tasks:
- name: display one value
debug: msg="one value is {{ one }}"
- name: display two value
debug: msg="two value is {{ two }}"
[root@nfs-server playbook]# ansible-playbook vars_prompt.yml
please input one value: Liu Zhengwei
please input two value:
PLAY [webservers] **************************************************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101]
ok: [192.168.2.111]
TASK [display one value] *******************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "one value is Liu Zhengwei"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "one value is Liu Zhengwei"
}
TASK [display two value] *******************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.2.101] => {
"msg": "two value is age is 28"
}
ok: [192.168.2.111] => {
"msg": "two value is age is 28"
}
PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.2.101 : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
192.168.2.111 : ok=3 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0