在SCI论文写作中，关联已有的研究结果几乎是必写内容。在写文章过程中，我们经常会忽略一个问题，我们太想让editor或者reviewer知道我们做了些什么、创新在哪里、多么地重要，花费了太多的笔墨和心思进行“以自我为中心的”阐述。以至于对整个研究背景交代不清，或者本身就没有花费太多的心血去系统化的研读文献即无法掌握整个研究背景。最终结果，导致论文被拒。很多人都经历过这样的过程，或者reviewer会直接在修回意见中写道：某某已发表研究应该被讨论。总而言之，引文的讨论是个老大难问题，也是决定我们文章是否能够顺利发表的关键之一。
文章投稿后，不要妄想审稿人对整个领域内所有细枝末节都了然于心，而且杂志社有的时候也难以给你精准的选择到合适的对口审稿人。所以，对研究背景的发展情况进行阐述，对以往发表文献科学、合理、严谨的表述就十分重要。毫不夸张的说，学术写作的一个重要特征就是，它是由已知的内容、以前做过的工作和/或已经形成的共识、理论和模型所决定的。
当然，这并不等同于说像列表一样把以往所有的文献列出来就可以的。一个优秀的科研人员和论文写作者还应该对文献进行严谨、公允的评价和批评。例如，你可能认为某项特定的研究没有调查你正在研究的领域的某些重要方面，作者没有注意到他们的方法中的一个缺陷，或者他们的结论没有得到很好的支持(指批评)。
要达到如上要求，就要求我们要有很好的领悟能力，对文献的精华可以精确提取，而另一很重要的，就是要有很好的语言能力，这样才能对自己的领悟进行准确输出到你的文章里。
我们今天就对引用文献时经常用到的一些短语句子进行了整理，大家可以根据实际情况灵活使用。
01
General comments on the relevant literature
相关文献的一般性评价
1The literature on X has highlighted several …
2Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
3More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
4There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
5A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
6Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the …
7Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
8There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
9The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
10There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …
11The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
12A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
13Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; …).
14The academic literature on X has revealed the emergence of several contrasting themes.
02
Previous research: a historical perpective
以往文献的历史性回顾
1Research into X has a long history.
2For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
3Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
4Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
5Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
6In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
7Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974).
8During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
9The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
10Over the past two decades, major advances in molecular biology have allowed …
11Historically, research investigating the factors associated with X has focused on …
12It is only since the work of Smith (2001) that the study of X has gained momentum.
13The construct of X was first articulated by Smith (1977) and popularised in his book: …
14Around the early 1960s, small-scale research and case studies began to emerge linking …
15It was not until the late 1960s that historians considered X worthy of scholarly attention.
16Awareness of X is not recent, having possibly first been described in the 5th century BCE by …
03
Previous research: methodological approaches taken
以往研究的研究方法回顾
1Most research on X has been carried out in …
2Most researchers investigating X have utilised …
3Using this approach, researchers have been able to …
4Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
5The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
6What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
7There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …
8Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature.
9Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
10What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
11Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …
04
Previous research: area investigated
以往研究的研究范围、调查对象等
1To date, several studies have investigated …
2A number of studies have begun to examine …
3Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
4Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
5A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
6Several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
7Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
8Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
9A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
10At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
11Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998; …).
05
what has been established or proposed
以往研究表明、证实、发现等
1Several lines of evidence suggest that …
2Previous research has established that …
3Data from several studies suggest that …
4It is now well established from a variety of studies that …
5A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
6Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
7Many recent studies (e.g. Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) have shown that …
8Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith, 1960; Jones, 1972).
9Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2013) presents …
10In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …
11Many historians have argued that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
12There is a consensus among social scientists that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; …
13Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity.
14It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith, 1998; …).
15There is a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe …
16Some cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y (Smith, 2004; Jones, 2005).
17It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995).
18It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 …).
To date/Thus far/Up to now, several studies/previous studies/a number of studies + have +
1used …
2found …
3reported …
4shown that…
5indicated that …
6linked X with Y.
7suggested that …
8demonstrated that …
9begun to examine the use of …
10confirmed the effectiveness of …
11revealed a correlation between X and Y.
12highlighted factors that are associated with …
06
Stating what is currently known about the topic
陈述共识、经典理论、常识、已知。
1X, Y and Z appear to be closely linked (Smith, 2008).
2X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2007)
3X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).
4X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).
5There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Rao, 1998).
6X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2006).
7X has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of Y on Z (Alourfi, 2004).
8GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; O’Brien, …
9A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to … (Jones, 2002).
07
Reference to a previous investigation: researcher prominent
陈述以往研究的主要内容，句子重点在突出研究者
1Smith (1999) showed that reducing X to 190oC decreased … (see Figure 2).
2Smith (1999) demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded …
3Smith (1999) found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise …
4Jack et al.(2001) compared the rate of …
5Jack et al.(2001) labelled these subsets as …
6Jack et al.(2001) measured both components of the …
7Jack et al.(2001) used a survey to assess the various …
8Jack et al.(2001) identified parents of disabled children as …
9Jack et al.(2001) set up a series of virtual experiments using …
10Jack et al.(2001) examined the flow of international students …
11Jack et al.(2001) carried out a number of investigations into the …
12Jack et al.(2001) studied the effects of X on unprotected nerve cells.
13Jack et al.(2001) analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that …
14Jack et al.(2001) interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured …
15Jack et al.(2001) performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that …
16reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this …
17Jack et al.(2001) conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of …
18Jack et al.(2001) investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on …
08
Reference to a previous investigation: time prominent
陈述以往研究的主要内容，句子重点强调时间和时间点
1In 1959, a seminal article was published entitled …
2In 1889, Brown performed a bilateral ablation of the …
3In 1859, the publication of X had a major impact on …
4In 1965, Jones published his major historic survey of …
5In 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described …
6In 1984, Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as …
7In 1981, Smith and co-workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to …
8In 1990, Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to …
9In 1990, Al-Masry et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain …
10Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of X which …
11In the 1950s, Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …
12Following World War 1, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
13Almost 20 years ago, Jones (1985) formulated his X theory, centred around …
09
Reference to a previous investigation: investigation prominent
陈述以往研究的主要内容，侧重点在研究本身的陈述方法
1One longitudinal study found that …
2A seminal study in this area is the work of …
3One study by Smith (2014) examined the trend in …
4A recent study by Smith and Jones (2012) involved …
5A qualitative study by Smith (2003) described how …
6A recent systematic literature review concluded that …
7Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Jones (1992).
8A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2012) reports that …
9A key study comparing X and Y is that of Smith (2010), in which …
10The first systematic study of X was reported by Smith et al. in 1986.
11Detailed examination of X by Smith and Jones (1961) showed that …
12Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al. (1983).
13A significant analysis and discussion on the subject was presented by Smith (1988).
14The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Jones et al. (1986).
15A small scale study by Smith (2012) reached different conclusions, finding no increase in …
16The study by Jones (1990) offers probably the most comprehensive empirical analysis of …
17In an analysis of X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
18In a follow-up study, Smith et al. (2009) found that …
19In an investigation into X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
20In a study investigating X, Smith (2004) reported that …
21In a comprehensive study of X, Jones (2001) found that …
22In a study conducted by Smith (1978), it was shown that …
23In studies of rats given X, Smith and colleagues found that …
24In a study which set out to determine X, Smith (2012) found that …
25In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2012) reported that …
26In another major study, Smith (1974) found that just over half of the …
27In a recent cross-sectional study, Smith (2006b) investigated whether …
28In a large longitudinal study, Smith et al. (2012) investigated the incidence of X in Y.
29In one well-known recent experiment, limits on X were found to be … (Smith, 2013)
10
Reference to a previous investigation: topic prominent
强调参考文献的研究主题、研究目的
1To determine the effects of X, Jones et al. (2005) compared …
2X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from … (Jones et al., 1952).
3The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Jones in 1970.
4X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found …
5To better understand the mechanisms of X and its effects, Jones (2013) analysed the …
6X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
7The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Smith in 1872.
8The way in which X is regulated was studied extensively by Smith and colleagues (Smith et al.1995 and 1998).
11
Summarising the review or parts of the review - close
对参考文献进行总结和概述
1Together, these studies indicate that …
2Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
3Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
4Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
5In all the studies reviewed here, X is recognised as …
6The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
7The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
8Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
9Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
10Together these studies provide important insights into the …
11All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
12Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
13However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with …
14The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest a pertinent role for …
15These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
16In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
17There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.
有了上面的“万能公式”，导师再也不用担心我的引文了，赶快动手写起来吧。关注“科研猫”，获取更多写文技巧哦。
参考内容：
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