单机百万并发,golang 50行代码

本文首先介绍单机百万并发的测试方法和测试结果,然后分析go语言50行代码实现的单机百万并发网络服务器背后的秘密

组网

采用6台2核8G内存的云主机作为client

采用1台4核16G内存的云主机作为server

单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第1张图片
组网图

client端设置

设置系统打开的最大文件数为20万

ulimit -n 200000

修改端口可用范围为1024到65535

echo 1024 65535 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range

单台client虚机建立18万连接

配置单网卡多ip,每个网卡配置三个ip,启动三个client进程,每个client进程指定不同的local ip建立6万连接,总共18万连接

单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第2张图片

server端配置

设置系统打开的最大文件数为100万

ulimit -n 1000000

设置半连接队列和全连接队列长度

测试过程中出现了一个现象,客户端建立了30000连接,服务端只建立了28570连接

经过排查,原因是:

1 全连接队列满了,如下图,overflowed次数在增加

2 tcp_abort_on_overflow 为0,表示如果三次握手第三步的时候全连接队列满了那么server扔掉client 发过来的ack(在server端认为连接还没建立起来)

tcp_abort_on_overflow为 1,表示第三步的时候如果全连接队列满了,server发送一个reset包给client,表示废掉这个握手过程和这个连接(本来在server端这个连接就还没建立起来)

解决方法:

设置半连接队列长度为10000

echo 10000 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog

设置全连接队列长度为10000

echo 10000 >/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn

参考 【转】关于TCP 半连接队列和全连接队列 - sidesky - 博客园

linux内核调优tcp_max_syn_backlog和somaxconn的区别-10931853-51CTO博客

设置conntrack最大连接数

默认net.nf_conntrack_max 为 262144,设置为100万

sysctl -w net.nf_conntrack_max=1000000

tcp最大连接数调优,可参考Linux 内核优化-调大TCP最大连接数 -

最终测试结果

server建立起96万连接

平时ss命令使用最多的是ss -anp,这里需要注意在连接数非常大的时候,指定p参数命令慢的几乎不可用,这里只指定an参数

ss比netstat性能好,参考https://blog.csdn.net/hustsselbj/article/details/47438781

cpu和内存使用情况

cpu大概占用2个核,内存3g

单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第3张图片

查看cpu硬件信息,cpu的频率为2.4G

查看cpu硬件信息,参考 linux(centos)查看cpu硬件信息命令图解教程 电脑维修技术网

客户端、服务端代码实现

客户端


package main

import (
    "flag"
    "fmt"
    "net"
    "os"
    "time"
)

var RemoteAddr *string
var ConcurNum *int
var LocalAddr *string

func init() {
    RemoteAddr = flag.String("remote-ip", "127.0.0.1", "ip addr of remote server")
    ConcurNum = flag.Int("concurrent-num", 100, "concurrent number of client")
    LocalAddr = flag.String("local-ip", "0.0.0.0", "ip addr of remote server")
}

func consume() {

    laddr := &net.TCPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP(*LocalAddr)}

    var dialer net.Dialer
    dialer.LocalAddr = laddr

    conn, err := dialer.Dial("tcp", *RemoteAddr+":8888")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("dial failed:", err)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    buffer := make([]byte, 512)

    for {
        _, err2 := conn.Read(buffer)
        if err2 != nil {
            fmt.Println("Read failed:", err2)
            return
        }

        //  fmt.Println("count:", n, "msg:", string(buffer))

    }

}

func main() {
    flag.Parse()
    for i := 0; i < *ConcurNum; i++ {
        go consume()
    }
    time.Sleep(3600 * time.Second)
}

服务端

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net"
    "os"
    "time"
)

var array []byte = make([]byte, 10)

func checkError(err error, info string) (res bool) {

    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(info + "  " + err.Error())
        return false
    }
    return true
}

func Handler(conn net.Conn) {
    for {
        _, err := conn.Write(array)
        if err != nil {
            return
        }
        time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
    }
}

func main() {

    for i := 0; i < 10; i += 1 {
        array[i] = 'a'
    }

    service := ":8888"
    tcpAddr, _ := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp4", service)
    l, _ := net.ListenTCP("tcp", tcpAddr)

    for {
        conn, err := l.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Printf("accept error, err=%s\n", err.Error())
            os.Exit(1)
        }
        go Handler(conn)
    }

}

高性能网络编程的线程模型

TPC

TPC 是 Thread Per Connection 的缩写,指每次有新的连接就新建一个线程去专门处理这个连接请求。


单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第4张图片

模型特点:

  • 采用阻塞式I/O模型获取输入数据
  • 每个连接都需要独立的线程完成数据输入,业务处理,数据返回的完整操作

存在的问题:

  • 并发数较大时,需要创建大量线程来处理连接,系统资源占用较大

reactor

reactor模式的核心组成包括reactor和线程池。reactor负责监听网络连接的IO是否可读可写,线程池负责具体业务的处理。在高并发的场景下,reactor采用epoll的效率非常高。


单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第5张图片

模型特点:

  • 采用非阻塞I/O,I/O多路复用
  • 采用线程池来处理业务

golang GPC模型

GPC 是 Goroutine Per Connection 的缩写,指每次有新的连接就新启动一个golang协程去专门处理这个连接请求。


单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第6张图片

模型特点:

  • 可采用阻塞IO的方式编程
  • 每个连接都需要独立的协程完成数据输入,业务处理,数据返回的完整操作

为什么GPC可以支持单机百万并发

GPC模型跟TPC模型看起来非常相似,为什么GPC可以支持单机百万并发呢?

GPC模型、TPC模型比较

  1. 栈大小:GPC模型中goroutine栈初始大小为4kB,栈的大小可以按需动态增加或减小。而TPC模型中线程默认栈大小为1MB。
  2. IO模型:GPC和TPC都是阻塞式编程。但是GPC模型底层是非阻塞IO,golang在语言层面将非阻塞IO包装成了阻塞IO(底层实现是非阻塞IO未就绪时,读操作返回EAGAIN,golang运行时系统将协程状态设置为Wait,进行协程的切换)
  3. 协程、线程的切换: 协程的切换比线程切换要简单的多,可参考linux操作系统笔记(进程)

GPC模型背后的秘密

GPC模型底层实现其实是reactor模型,golang在语言层面将这一模型封装好,可以采用阻塞的方式编码

单机百万并发,golang 50行代码_第7张图片

GPC模型源码分析

golang源码版本为1.9.4


IO线程的源码实现

启动一个线程运行sysmon函数

runtime/proc.go

// The main goroutine.
func main() {          
        g := getg()
                       
        // Racectx of m0->g0 is used only as the parent of the main goroutine.
        // It must not be used for anything else.
        g.m.g0.racectx = 0
                       
        // Max stack size is 1 GB on 64-bit, 250 MB on 32-bit.
        // Using decimal instead of binary GB and MB because
        // they look nicer in the stack overflow failure message.
        if sys.PtrSize == 8 {
                maxstacksize = 1000000000
        } else {    
                maxstacksize = 250000000
        }              
                       
        // Allow newproc to start new Ms.
        mainStarted = true 
                       
        systemstack(func() {
                //启动线程,运行sysmon函数
                newm(sysmon, nil) 
        })             
      ...........

sysmon的实现
sysmon函数执行netpoll,获得可读写的fd,将fd关联的协程的状态设置为ready

runtime/proc.go

func sysmon() {                                                                                                                                                                                
        // If a heap span goes unused for 5 minutes after a garbage collection,
        // we hand it back to the operating system.
        scavengelimit := int64(5 * 60 * 1e9)
                     
        if debug.scavenge > 0 {        
                // Scavenge-a-lot for testing.
                forcegcperiod = 10 * 1e6
                scavengelimit = 20 * 1e6
        }            
                     
        lastscavenge := nanotime()     
        nscavenge := 0                 
                     
        lasttrace := int64(0)          
        idle := 0 // how many cycles in succession we had not wokeup somebody
        delay := uint32(0)             
        for {        
                if idle == 0 { // start with 20us sleep...
                        delay = 20     
                } else if idle > 50 { // start doubling the sleep after 1ms...
                        delay *= 2     
                }    
                if delay > 10*1000 { // up to 10ms
                        delay = 10 * 1000
                }    
                usleep(delay)
                。。。。

                // poll network if not polled for more than 10ms
                lastpoll := int64(atomic.Load64(&sched.lastpoll))
                now := nanotime()   
                if lastpoll != 0 && lastpoll+10*1000*1000 < now {
                        atomic.Cas64(&sched.lastpoll, uint64(lastpoll), uint64(now))
                        //netpoll中会执行epollWait,epollWait返回可读写的fd
                        //netpoll返回可读写的fd关联的协程
                        gp := netpoll(false) // non-blocking - returns list of goroutines
                        if gp != nil { 
                                // Need to decrement number of idle locked M's
                                // (pretending that one more is running) before injectglist.
                                // Otherwise it can lead to the following situation:
                                // injectglist grabs all P's but before it starts M's to run the P's,
                                // another M returns from syscall, finishes running its G,
                                // observes that there is no work to do and no other running M's
                                // and reports deadlock.
                                incidlelocked(-1)
                                //将可读写fd关联的协程状态设置为ready
                                injectglist(gp)
                                incidlelocked(1)
                        }           
                } 
                。。。。。。
}

netpoll的实现
netpoll执行epollWait,获取可读写的fd,返回可读写fd关联的协程

runtime/netpoll_epoll.go

// polls for ready network connections
// returns list of goroutines that become runnable
func netpoll(block bool) *g {
        if epfd == -1 {
                return nil
        }
        waitms := int32(-1)
        if !block {
                waitms = 0
        }
        var events [128]epollevent
retry:  
        n := epollwait(epfd, &events[0], int32(len(events)), waitms)
        //      print("epoll wait\n")
        if n < 0 {
                if n != -_EINTR {
                        println("runtime: epollwait on fd", epfd, "failed with", -n)
                        throw("runtime: netpoll failed")
                }
                goto retry
        }
        var gp guintptr
        for i := int32(0); i < n; i++ {
                ev := &events[i]
                if ev.events == 0 {
                        continue
                }
                var mode int32
                if ev.events&(_EPOLLIN|_EPOLLRDHUP|_EPOLLHUP|_EPOLLERR) != 0 {
                        mode += 'r'
                }
                if ev.events&(_EPOLLOUT|_EPOLLHUP|_EPOLLERR) != 0 {
                        mode += 'w'
                }
                if mode != 0 {
                        pd := *(**pollDesc)(unsafe.Pointer(&ev.data))
                       //将pd关联的协程加入到gp协程链上
                        netpollready(&gp, pd, mode)
                }
        }
        if block && gp == 0 {
                goto retry
        }
        return gp.ptr()
} 

injectglist的实现
injectglist将协程的状态设置为ready状态

runtime/proc.go

// Injects the list of runnable G's into the scheduler.
// Can run concurrently with GC.
func injectglist(glist *g) {
        if glist == nil {
                return  
        }               
        if trace.enabled {
                for gp := glist; gp != nil; gp = gp.schedlink.ptr() {
                        traceGoUnpark(gp, 0)
                }       
        }               
        lock(&sched.lock)
        var n int       
        for n = 0; glist != nil; n++ {
                gp := glist
                glist = gp.schedlink.ptr()
                //将waiting状态的协程设置为runnable
                casgstatus(gp, _Gwaiting, _Grunnable)
                globrunqput(gp)
        }               
        unlock(&sched.lock)
        for ; n != 0 && sched.npidle != 0; n-- {
                startm(nil, false)
        }               
} 

服务端socket实现

net.ListenTCP的实现
ListenTCP调用socket函数,socket函数会通过系统调用创建socket、设置非阻塞、bind、listen

net/sock_posix.go

// socket returns a network file descriptor that is ready for
// asynchronous I/O using the network poller.
func socket(ctx context.Context, net string, family, sotype, proto int, ipv6only bool, laddr, raddr sockaddr) (fd *netFD, err error) {
        //sysSocket函数会通过系统调用创建socket,并通过系统调用设置非阻塞
        s, err := sysSocket(family, sotype, proto)
        if err != nil {
                return nil, err 
        }   
        if err = setDefaultSockopts(s, family, sotype, ipv6only); err != nil {
                poll.CloseFunc(s)
                return nil, err 
        }   
        //为socket分配文件描述符fd
        if fd, err = newFD(s, family, sotype, net); err != nil {
                poll.CloseFunc(s)
                return nil, err 
        }   
 
        // This function makes a network file descriptor for the
        // following applications:
        //  
        // - An endpoint holder that opens a passive stream
        //   connection, known as a stream listener
        //  
        // - An endpoint holder that opens a destination-unspecific
        //   datagram connection, known as a datagram listener
        //  
        // - An endpoint holder that opens an active stream or a
        //   destination-specific datagram connection, known as a
        //   dialer
        // - An endpoint holder that opens the other connection, such
        //   as talking to the protocol stack inside the kernel
        //
        // For stream and datagram listeners, they will only require
        // named sockets, so we can assume that it's just a request
        // from stream or datagram listeners when laddr is not nil but
        // raddr is nil. Otherwise we assume it's just for dialers or
        // the other connection holders.
        
        if laddr != nil && raddr == nil {
                switch sotype {
                case syscall.SOCK_STREAM, syscall.SOCK_SEQPACKET:
                        //listenStream会通过系统调用bind绑定socket地址,通过系统调用listen
                        //进行socket监听,通过fd.init()函数将fd加入epoll
                        if err := fd.listenStream(laddr, listenerBacklog); err != nil {
                                fd.Close()
                                return nil, err
                        }
                        return fd, nil
                case syscall.SOCK_DGRAM:
                        if err := fd.listenDatagram(laddr); err != nil {
                                fd.Close()
                                return nil, err
                        }
                        return fd, nil
                }
        }
        if err := fd.dial(ctx, laddr, raddr); err != nil {
                fd.Close()
                return nil, err
        }
        return fd, nil

Accept的实现

net/fd_unix.go

func (fd *netFD) accept() (netfd *netFD, err error) {
        //pfd.Accept会执行accept系统调用,返回新的socket连接,
        //并设置新的socket连接为非阻塞
        d, rsa, errcall, err := fd.pfd.Accept()
        if err != nil {
                if errcall != "" {
                        err = wrapSyscallError(errcall, err)
                }   
                return nil, err 
        }   
        //为新的连接分配一个文件描述符    
        if netfd, err = newFD(d, fd.family, fd.sotype, fd.net); err != nil {
                poll.CloseFunc(d)
                return nil, err 
        }   
        //通过netfd.init(),将accept新返回的socket fd添加到epoll
        if err = netfd.init(); err != nil {
                fd.Close()
                return nil, err 
        }                                                                                                                                                                                      
        lsa, _ := syscall.Getsockname(netfd.pfd.Sysfd)
        netfd.setAddr(netfd.addrFunc()(lsa), netfd.addrFunc()(rsa))
        return netfd, nil 
} 

internal/poll/fd_unix.go

// Accept wraps the accept network call.
func (fd *FD) Accept() (int, syscall.Sockaddr, string, error) {
        if err := fd.readLock(); err != nil {
                return -1, nil, "", err 
        }   
        defer fd.readUnlock()
 
        if err := fd.pd.prepareRead(fd.isFile); err != nil {
                return -1, nil, "", err 
        }   
        for {
                //accept函数内部会执行accept系统调用
                //将返回的新的socket fd设置为非阻塞
                s, rsa, errcall, err := accept(fd.Sysfd)
                if err == nil {
                        return s, rsa, "", err 
                }   
                switch err {
                //socket全连接队列为空
                case syscall.EAGAIN:
                        if fd.pd.pollable() {
                                //设置协程状态为wait
                                if err = fd.pd.waitRead(fd.isFile); err == nil {
                                        continue
                                }   
                        }   
                case syscall.ECONNABORTED:
                        // This means that a socket on the listen
                        // queue was closed before we Accept()ed it;
                        // it's a silly error, so try again.
                        continue
                }   
                return -1, nil, errcall, err 
        }   
}

Read的实现

internal/poll/fd_unix.go

// Read implements io.Reader.
func (fd *FD) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
        if err := fd.readLock(); err != nil {
                return 0, err 
        }   
        defer fd.readUnlock()
        if len(p) == 0 { 
                // If the caller wanted a zero byte read, return immediately
                // without trying (but after acquiring the readLock).
                // Otherwise syscall.Read returns 0, nil which looks like
                // io.EOF.
                // TODO(bradfitz): make it wait for readability? (Issue 15735)
                return 0, nil 
        }   
        if err := fd.pd.prepareRead(fd.isFile); err != nil {
                return 0, err 
        }   
        if fd.IsStream && len(p) > maxRW {
                p = p[:maxRW]
        }   
        for {
                //执行read系统调用
                n, err := syscall.Read(fd.Sysfd, p)
 
                if err != nil {
                        n = 0 
                        if err == syscall.EAGAIN && fd.pd.pollable() {
                                //socket fd没有数据可读,将协程状态设置为wait
                                if err = fd.pd.waitRead(fd.isFile); err == nil {
                                        continue
                                }
                        }
                }
        
                err = fd.eofError(n, err)
                return n, err
        }
}

Write的实现

internal/poll/fd_unix.go

// Write implements io.Writer.
func (fd *FD) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
        if err := fd.writeLock(); err != nil {
                return 0, err
        }       
        defer fd.writeUnlock()
        if err := fd.pd.prepareWrite(fd.isFile); err != nil {
                return 0, err
        }       
        var nn int
        for {   
                max := len(p)
                if fd.IsStream && max-nn > maxRW {
                        max = nn + maxRW
                }
                //执行write系统调用
                n, err := syscall.Write(fd.Sysfd, p[nn:max])
                if n > 0 {
                        nn += n
                }
                if nn == len(p) {
                        return nn, err
                }
                if err == syscall.EAGAIN && fd.pd.pollable() {
                        //socket fd不可写,将协程状态设置为wait
                        if err = fd.pd.waitWrite(fd.isFile); err == nil {
                                continue
                        }
                }
                if err != nil {
                        return nn, err
                }
                if n == 0 {
                        return nn, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
                }
        }    
}         

GPC模型总结

1 新建socket、accept的socket都设置为非阻塞
2.新建socket、accept的socket的fd都加入epoll

  1. Read、Write采用循环读写,如果返回EAGAIN,将协程状态设置为wait
  2. io线程定期执行sysmon,通过epollWait获取可读写的fd,将fd关联的协程设置为runable

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