一、集群分类:

Ø  HA ClusterHigh Availability Cluster,高可用集群。运行于两个或多个节点上,当应用程序出现故障,或系统硬件、网络出现故障时,应用程序可以自动、快速地从一个节点切换到另一个节点,最大限度地减少服务中断时间,从而保证应用程序持续、不间断地对外提供服务。对于此类集群还有很多通俗的名称,如“双机热备”、“双机互备”等。

Ø  LB ClusterLoad Balance Cluster,负载均衡集群。运行于两个或多个节点上,客户端的请求按照不同的算法分配给后端服务器,以减轻服务器的压力,降低对服务器的硬件和软件要求,适用于大负载访问量的服务,如Web服务。负载均衡集群可以通过软件方式实现,也可以通过硬件设备来实现。

Ø  HPC ClusterHigh Performance Computing Cluster,高性能计算集群。提供单个计算机所不能提供的强大计算能力,包括数值计算和数据处理,并且倾向于追求综合性能。


二、Keepalived简介:

KeepalivedVRRP协议的软件实现,原生设计是为了高可用IPVS服务,可以实现如下功能:

Ø  基于VRRP协议完成地址流动

Ø  VIP地址所在的IPVS集群节点生成IPVS规则(在配置文件中预先定义)

Ø  IPVS集群的各RS做健康状态检测

Ø  基于脚本调用接口,通过执行脚本完成脚本中定义的功能,进而影响集群事务

 

VRRPVirtual Router Redundancy Protocol,虚拟路由冗余协议。VRRP是一种路由容错协议,也可称为备份路由协议。一个局域网内的所有主机都设置缺省路由,当网内主机发出的目的地址不在本网段时,报文将被通过缺省路由发往外部路由器,从而实现了主机与外部网络的通信。当缺省路由器down掉(即端口关闭)之后,内部主机将无法与外部通信,如果路由器设置了VRRP,虚拟路由将启用备份路由器,从而实现全网通信。

 

Keepalived架构图如下所示:

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第1张图片


三、VRRP相关术语介绍:

Ø  虚拟路由器:由一个Master路由器和多个Backup路由器组成。主机将虚拟路由器当作默认网关。

Ø  VRID:虚拟路由器标识,有相同VRID的一组路由器构成一个虚拟路由器。

Ø  Master路由器:虚拟路由器中承担报文转发任务的路由器。

Ø  Backup路由器:Master路由器出现故障时,能够代替Master路由器工作的路由器。

Ø  虚拟IP地址:虚拟路由器的IP地址。一个虚拟路由器可以拥有一个或多个IP地址。

Ø  虚拟MAC地址:一个虚拟路由器拥有一个虚拟MAC地址。虚拟MAC地址的格式为00-00-5E-00-01-{VRID}。通常情况下,虚拟路由器回应ARP请求使用的是虚拟MAC地址。只有虚拟路由器做特殊配置时,才回应接口的真实MAC地址。

Ø  优先级:VRRP根据优先级来确定虚拟路由器中每台路由器的地位,范围为0~255

Ø  非抢占方式:如果Backup路由器工作在非抢占方式下,则只要Master路由器没有出现故障,Backup路由器即使随后被配置了更高的优先级也不会成为Master路由器。

Ø  抢占方式:如果Backup路由器工作在抢占方式下,当它收到VRRP报文后,会将自己的优先级与通告报文中的优先级进行比较,如果自己的优先级比当前的Master路由器的优先级高,就会主动抢占成为Master路由器;否则,将保持Backup状态。


四、VRRP工作过程:

1、虚拟路由器中的路由器根据优先级选举出MasterMaster路由器通过发送免费ARP报文,将自己的虚拟MAC地址通知给与它连接的设备或者主机,从而承担报文转发任务;

2、Master路由器周期性发送VRRP报文,以公布其配置信息(优先级等)和工作状态;

3、如果Master路由器出现故障,虚拟路由器中的Backup路由器将根据优先级重新选举出新的Master

4、虚拟路由器状态切换时,Master路由器由一台设备切换为另一台设备,新的Master路由器只是简单地发送一个携带虚拟路由器的MAC地址和虚拟IP地址信息的免费ARP报文,这样就可以更新与它连接的主机或设备中的ARP相关信息。网络中的主机感知不到Master路由器已经切换为另一台设备。

5、Backup路由器的优先级高于Master路由器时,由Backup路由器的工作方式(抢占方式和非抢占方式)决定是否重新选举Master


五、Keepalived实现VIP地址漂移:

1、演示环境:

IP

操作系统

主机名

部署服务

192.168.1.143

CentOS   7.6 x86_64

node1

keepalived

192.168.1.144

CentOS   7.6 x86_64

node2

keepalived

2、各节点通过chrony服务同步时间

3、各节点关闭firewalldSELinux

4、各节点实现通过主机名互相通信:

# vim /etc/hosts

192.168.1.143 node1

192.168.1.144 node2

node1 ping node2# ping -c 3 node2

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第2张图片

node2 ping node1# ping -c 3 node1

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第3张图片

5、确保安装配置Keepalived服务的各节点的用于集群服务的接口支持MULTICAST(多播或组播)通信:

node1# ip a l | grep MULTICAST

image.png

node2# ip a l | grep MULTICAST

image.png

备注:如果网卡没有开启多播功能,可通过命令# ip link set multicast on dev ens160开启

6、node1节点安装配置Keepalived

# yum -y install keepalived

备注:安装后生成的文件

Ø  主配置文件:/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

Ø  主程序文件:/usr/sbin/keepalived

Ø  Unit File/usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service

Ø  Unit File的环境配置文件:/etc/sysconfig/keepalived

说明:CentOS 7.6 yum方式安装的Keepalived版本为1.3.5,也可以到其官方网站http://www.keepalived.org/download.html下载、编译安装目前最新版本2.0.13

# cd /etc/keepalived

# mv keepalived.conf{,.bak}

# openssl rand -base64 7 --> IDDf1j+yfw==

# vim keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node1@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node1

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}

 

vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state MASTER

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 100

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

}

备注:常用指令说明

Ø  notification_email:收件箱

Ø  notification_email_from:发件箱

Ø  vrrp_mcast_group4VRRP多播地址,此地址必须为D类地址,即可用IP范围为224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255

Ø  vrrp_instance:配置虚拟路由器实例

Ø  stateMASTERBACKUP,当前节点在此虚拟路由器上的初始状态,只能有一个为MASTER,其余的都应该为BACKUP

Ø  interface:绑定为当前虚拟路由器使用的物理接口

Ø  virtual_router_id:当前虚拟路由器的唯一标识,范围为0~255

Ø  priority:当前主机在此虚拟路由器中的优先级,范围为0~255

Ø  advert_intVRRP通告心跳信息和优先级信息的时间间隔,单位为秒

Ø  nopreempt:定义工作模式为非抢占模式,默认为抢占模式

Ø  preempt_delay:抢占模式下,节点上线后触发新选举操作的延迟时长,单位为秒

说明:可通过命令# man keepalived.conf查看keepalived.conf配置文件的详细帮助文档

7、node2节点安装配置Keepalived

# yum -y install keepalived

# cd /etc/keepalived

# mv keepalived.conf{,.bak}

# vim keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node2@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node2

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}

 

vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state BACKUP

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 98

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

}

8、启动优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务,并查看服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# systemctl enable keepalived.service

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第4张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第5张图片

备注:由于node1没有启动,所以在默认的抢占模式下,node2启动后由BACKUP变成MASTER

9、启动优先级较高的node1上的keepalived服务,并查看服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# systemctl enable keepalived.service

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第6张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第7张图片

10、查看优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第8张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第9张图片

备注:由于node1启动,node1变为MASTER,得到VIPnode2变为BACKUP;如果停止node1上的keepalived服务,则node2将再次变为MASTER,得到VIP

11、node2中尝试抓包:

# yum -y install tcpdump

# tcpdump -i ens160 -nn host 224.1.100.88

image.png

备注:此时node1作为MASTER在向外发送通告。

 

六、Keepalived实现邮件通知:

1、node1定义邮件通知脚本:

# cd /etc/keepalived

# vim notify.sh

#!/bin/bash

contact='root@localhost'

notify() {

local mailsubject="$(hostname) to be $1, vip floating"

local mailbody="$(date +'%F %T'): vrrp transition, $(hostname) changed to be $1"

echo "$mailbody" | mail -s "$mailsubject" $contact

}

case $1 in

master)

notify master

;;

backup)

notify backup

;;

fault)

notify fault

;;

*)

echo "Usage: $(basename $0) {master|backup|fault}"

exit 1

;;

esac

# chmod +x notify.sh

# bash -n notify.sh

# scp -p notify.sh [email protected]:/etc/keepalived

2、node1停止keepalived服务,并修改keepalived.conf配置文件:

# systemctl stop keepalived.service

# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node1@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node1

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}


vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state MASTER

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 100

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"

notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"

notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"

}

备注:

Ø  notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master":当前节点变为MASTER时触发的脚本

Ø  notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup":当前节点变为BACKUP时触发的脚本

Ø  notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault":当前节点变为“失败”状态时触发的脚本

3、node2停止keepalived服务,并修改keepalived.conf配置文件:

# systemctl stop keepalived.service

# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node2@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node2

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}


vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state BACKUP

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 98

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"

notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"

notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"

}

4、node1node2上分别安装mailx软件包:# yum -y install mailx

5、启动优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务,查看邮件:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# mail

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第10张图片

6、启动优先级较高的node1上的keepalived服务,查看邮件:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# mail

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第11张图片

7、查看优先级较低的node2上的邮件信息:

# mail

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第12张图片


七、Keepalived实现双主模型:

1、node1停止keepalived服务,取消邮件通知,并配置双主模型:

# systemctl stop keepalived.service

# openssl rand -base64 7 --> 9xEKWUjHZw==

# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node1@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node1

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}


vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state MASTER

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 100

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

}


vrrp_instance VI_2 {

state BACKUP

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 51

priority 98

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass 9xEKWUjHZw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.119

}

}

2、node2停止keepalived服务,取消邮件通知,并配置双主模型:

# systemctl stop keepalived.service

# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

global_defs {

notification_email {

root@localhost

}

notification_email_from node2@localhost

smtp_server 127.0.0.1

smtp_connect_timeout 30

router_id node2

vrrp_mcast_group4 224.1.100.88

}


vrrp_instance VI_1 {

state BACKUP

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 50

priority 98

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass IDDf1j+yfw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.118

}

}


vrrp_instance VI_2 {

state MASTER

interface ens160

virtual_router_id 51

priority 100

advert_int 1

authentication {

auth_type PASS

auth_pass 9xEKWUjHZw==

}

virtual_ipaddress {

192.168.1.119

}

}

3、启动优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务,并查看服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第13张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第14张图片

4、启动优先级较高的node1上的keepalived服务,并查看服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl start keepalived.service

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第15张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第16张图片

5、查看优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第17张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第18张图片

6、node2中尝试抓包:

# tcpdump -i ens160 -nn host 224.1.100.88

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第19张图片

7、停止优先级较低的node2上的keepalived服务,并查看VIP信息:

# systemctl stop keepalived.service

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第20张图片

8、查看优先级较高的node1上的keepalived服务状态和VIP信息:

# systemctl status keepalived.service # tail -50 /var/log/messages

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第21张图片

# ip a l

CentOS 7.6安装配置Keepalived详解(一):VIP地址漂移、邮件通知和双主模式实现_第22张图片