【学习笔记】懂你英语 商务英语 Level 6 Unit 2 Part 5（IV）词汇 Political Economy 政治经济学
free trade 自由贸易
Free trade is a policy in which a country does not restrict its imports or exports with other countries. 自由贸易是一个国家不限制其与其他国家的进出口的政策。
Buyers and sellers from other economies can trade without tariffs, quotas, subsidies or prohibitions on their goods and services. 来自其他经济体的买家和卖家可以在没有关税、配额、补贴或禁止的情况下进行交易。
Free trade benefits corporations, since they can freely export their products. 【跟读】自由贸易使公司受益，因为他们可以自由出口他们的产品。
It also benefits consumers, since it gives them a greater variety of choice and lower prices when making a purchase. 它也有利于消费者，因为它给他们提供了更多的选择和更低的价格进行购买。
protectionism 保护主义，贸易保护主义；贸易保护制度
Protectionism is a policy in which trade between countries is restricted in order to protect domestic industries. 保护主义是指为了保护国内产业而限制国家间贸易的政策。
Protectionist governments try to keep domestic industries competitive by imposing tariffs, or taxes, and quotas, or quantity limits, on imports. 贸易保护主义政府试图通过对进口产品征收关税、税收、配额或数量限制来保持国内产业的竞争力。
In addition, governments can take protective measures, such as subsidies, to lower production costs and enable the generation of profits.
At the expense of foreign corporations, protectionism aims to safeguard local businesses and jobs from foreign competetion.
【选择】-Who does free trade not benefit? -local businesses.
【选择】In order to protect domestic industries, a government may... impose tariffs on imported goods.
【填空】【朗读】The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement reduces trade barriers between the two nations, creating new opportunities for businesses.
【填空】Global leaders at the G20 summit were conflicted over the protectionist sanctions of certain countries. 在G20峰会上，全球领导人对某些国家的保护主义制裁产生了分歧。
【填空】Critics of protectionism state that it causes inflation through higher prices due to a shortage of goods. 贸易保护主义的批评者指出，由于商品短缺，贸易保护主义会导致价格上涨，从而导致通货膨胀。
【填空】Recently, China and Singapore signed a number of bilateral free trade agreements, allowing for greater market access between the two nations. 最近，中国和新加坡签署了一系列双边自由贸易协定，允许两国之间有更大的市场准入。
【跟读】In order to protect domestic industries, a government may impose tariffs on imported goods. 为了保护国内工业，政府可以对进口货物征收关税。
monopoly n. 垄断；垄断者；专卖权
A monopoly is a company with complete control of a commodity or service in a market. 【跟读】 垄断是指在市场上完全控制某种商品或服务的公司。
A monopoly's dominance of the market makes it impossible for other companies to compete.
In order to prevent monopolization, governments can enact regulations and break up companies if they become too large.
dumping 倾销
Dumping is when manufacturers export a large volume of products at a price that is lower than the domestic price. 【跟读】 倾销是指制造商以低于国内价格的价格大量出口产品。
It can endanger the financial viability of manufacturers or producers in the nation importing the goods.
For the exporter, dumping increases maket share in a foreign market by driving out competition. 对出口商来说，倾销通过排挤竞争来增加市场份额。
【选择】-What can governments do to prevent monopolization? -They can enact regulations
【选择】-How does dumping increase market share in a foreign market? -It drives out competition.
【选择】A policy in which a country does not restrict its imports or exports with other countries. -free trade
【选择】Exporting a large volume of products at a price that is lower than the domestic price. -dumping
【填空】Netflix is becoming an internet superpower, and may soon be considered a monopoly in the internet streaming industry. Netflix正在成为一个互联网超级大国，可能很快就会被视为互联网流媒体行业的垄断者。
【填空】In the nineteenth century, US railroad companies became monopolies after the government imposed heavy costs on start-up competition. 19世纪，美国铁路公司在政府对初创企业的竞争施加了沉重的成本后，成为了垄断者。
【填空】In the World Trade Organization, governments can take action against dumping by charging extra import duty on the goods being dumped.