QNX相关历史文章:
- QNX简介
- QNX Neutrino微内核
- QNX IPC机制
- QNX进程管理器
- QNX资源管理器
- QNX字符I/O
- QNX之编写资源管理器(一)
- QNX之编写资源管理器(二)
- QNX之编写资源管理器(三)
Handling Read and Write Messages
这篇文章主要描述读写消息的处理。
1. Handling the _IO_READ message
io_read
处理函数负责处理_IO_READ
消息,将收到的数据返回给客户端,比如当客户端调用read()/readdir()/fread()/fgetc()
等接口时。
消息的定义如下:
struct _io_read {
uint16_t type;
uint16_t combine_len;
int32_t nbytes;
uint32_t xtype;
};
typedef union {
struct _io_read i;
/* unsigned char data[nbytes]; */
/* nbytes is returned with MsgReply */
} io_read_t;
-
combine_len
,用于消息组合; -
nbytes
,用于客户端期望读取的字节数; -
xtype
,这个字段下文会介绍到,主要用于扩展;
下边是一个完整的消息读取示例代码:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int io_read (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_read_t *msg, RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb);
static char *buffer = "Hello world\n";
static resmgr_connect_funcs_t connect_funcs;
static resmgr_io_funcs_t io_funcs;
static iofunc_attr_t attr;
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
/* declare variables we'll be using */
resmgr_attr_t resmgr_attr;
dispatch_t *dpp;
dispatch_context_t *ctp;
int id;
/* initialize dispatch interface */
if((dpp = dispatch_create()) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: Unable to allocate dispatch handle.\n",
argv[0]);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
/* initialize resource manager attributes */
memset(&resmgr_attr, 0, sizeof resmgr_attr);
resmgr_attr.nparts_max = 1;
resmgr_attr.msg_max_size = 2048;
/* initialize functions for handling messages */
iofunc_func_init(_RESMGR_CONNECT_NFUNCS, &connect_funcs,
_RESMGR_IO_NFUNCS, &io_funcs);
io_funcs.read = io_read;
/* initialize attribute structure used by the device */
iofunc_attr_init(&attr, S_IFNAM | 0666, 0, 0);
attr.nbytes = strlen(buffer)+1;
/* attach our device name */
if((id = resmgr_attach(dpp, &resmgr_attr, "/dev/sample", _FTYPE_ANY, 0,
&connect_funcs, &io_funcs, &attr)) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: Unable to attach name.\n", argv[0]);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
/* allocate a context structure */
ctp = dispatch_context_alloc(dpp);
/* start the resource manager message loop */
while(1) {
if((ctp = dispatch_block(ctp)) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "block error\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
dispatch_handler(ctp);
}
}
int
io_read (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_read_t *msg, RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb)
{
int nleft;
int nbytes;
int nparts;
int status;
if ((status = iofunc_read_verify (ctp, msg, ocb, NULL)) != EOK)
return (status);
if ((msg->i.xtype & _IO_XTYPE_MASK) != _IO_XTYPE_NONE)
return (ENOSYS);
/*
* On all reads (first and subsequent), calculate
* how many bytes we can return to the client,
* based upon the number of bytes available (nleft)
* and the client's buffer size
*/
nleft = ocb->attr->nbytes - ocb->offset;
nbytes = min (msg->i.nbytes, nleft);
if (nbytes > 0) {
/* set up the return data IOV */
SETIOV (ctp->iov, buffer + ocb->offset, nbytes);
/* set up the number of bytes (returned by client's read()) */
_IO_SET_READ_NBYTES (ctp, nbytes);
/*
* advance the offset by the number of bytes
* returned to the client.
*/
ocb->offset += nbytes;
nparts = 1;
} else {
/*
* they've asked for zero bytes or they've already previously
* read everything
*/
_IO_SET_READ_NBYTES (ctp, 0);
nparts = 0;
}
/* mark the access time as invalid (we just accessed it) */
if (msg->i.nbytes > 0)
ocb->attr->flags |= IOFUNC_ATTR_ATIME;
return (_RESMGR_NPARTS (nparts));
}
上述代码中,ocb
结构存放了缓存的偏移位置,此外指向的属性结构体attr
中,存放了缓存的实际大小。而attr
中缓冲的大小是通过iofunc_attr_init()
接口设置进去的。
此外,在代码中需要注意用到了ctp->iov
,使用SETIOV()
宏,将ctp->iov
指向了需要回复的数据。
当没有读取到数据时,返回(_RESMGR_NPARTS(0))
,当读取到数据后,怎么来告知客户端读取了多少呢?代码中_IO_SET_READ_NBYTES()
宏将读取的信息保存到了ctp
中,当返回到库的时候,会将读取的字节数当成MsgReplyv()
函数的参数,并通知内核MsgSend()
该发送什么,最终上层便能获取到字节数。
2. Handling the _IO_WRITE message
io_write
处理函数负责处理_IO_WRITE
消息,将数据写入到设备。当客户端调用write()/fflush()
等操作时执行。
消息定义如下:
struct _io_write {
uint16_t type;
uint16_t combine_len;
int32_t nbytes;
uint32_t xtype;
/* unsigned char data[nbytes]; */
};
typedef union {
struct _io_write i;
/* nbytes is returned with MsgReply */
} io_write_t;
这个结构中的字段与io_read_t
中一致,下边看一个写操作的代码:
int
io_write (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_write_t *msg, RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb)
{
int status;
char *buf;
if ((status = iofunc_write_verify(ctp, msg, ocb, NULL)) != EOK)
return (status);
if ((msg->i.xtype & _IO_XTYPE_MASK) != _IO_XTYPE_NONE)
return(ENOSYS);
/* set up the number of bytes (returned by client's write()) */
_IO_SET_WRITE_NBYTES (ctp, msg->i.nbytes);
buf = (char *) malloc(msg->i.nbytes + 1);
if (buf == NULL)
return(ENOMEM);
/*
* Reread the data from the sender's message buffer.
* We're not assuming that all of the data fit into the
* resource manager library's receive buffer.
*/
resmgr_msgread(ctp, buf, msg->i.nbytes, sizeof(msg->i));
buf [msg->i.nbytes] = '\0'; /* just in case the text is not NULL terminated */
printf ("Received %d bytes = '%s'\n", msg -> i.nbytes, buf);
free(buf);
if (msg->i.nbytes > 0)
ocb->attr->flags |= IOFUNC_ATTR_MTIME | IOFUNC_ATTR_CTIME;
return (_RESMGR_NPARTS (0));
}
当在写入的时候,如果提供的buffer大小不够,而需要写入的数据又很大,此时就需要使用一个循环机制来多次写入了。
3. Methods of return and replying
可以使用各种方式从处理程序中返回到资源管理器库:
返回错误
比如申请内存不够时:return (ENOMEM)
返回指向数据的
IOV
数组
可以使用IOV
数组来指向多片数据,比如如下代码:
my_header_t header;
a_buffer_t buffers[N];
...
SETIOV(&ctp->iov[0], &header, sizeof(header));
SETIOV(&ctp->iov[1], &buffers[i], sizeof(buffers[i]));
return (_RESMGR_NPARTS(2));
- 返回一个包含数据的缓存
比如在响应read()
请求时,所有的数据都在一个缓存中,那么可以以下两种方式:
return (_RESMGR_PTR(ctp, buffer, nbytes));
和:
SETIOV (ctp->iov, buffer, nbytes);
return (_RESMGR_NPARTS(1));
成功返回,但是不携带数据
比如:return (EOK)
,不过更常见的方式是:return (_RESMGR_NPARTS(0))
。让资源管理器库去返回
在服务器端执行回复
上边讲到的返回情况,都是通过资源管理器库调用MsgReply*()/MsgError()
来解除客户端的阻塞状态,在有些case中,你可能不需要这些库来回复,可以使用return (_RESMGR_NOREPLY)
推迟回复,让客户端保持阻塞
一个例子是管道资源管理器,当一个客户端读取管道时,而此时管道中没有数据,可以有两种选择:1)返回错误,2)保持客户端阻塞,等有数据时再回复。
另外一个例子是往一个设备写数据时,希望数据全部写入后再回复。返回并告诉库执行默认处理
可以执行return (_RESMGR_DEFAULT)
。
4. Handling other read/write details
4.1 处理
xtype
成员
从上文中可知,在io_read_t/io_write_t
等消息结构中,有一个xtype
成员,这个成员包含了可用于调整标准I/O函数行为的一些扩展信息,如下:
-
_IO_XTYPE_NONE
,没有提供扩展类型信息; -
_IO_XTYPE_OFFSET
,客户端调用pread()/pread64()/pwrite()/pwrite64()
时,不希望用到OCB中的偏移,而是提供了一个一次性的偏移量,该偏移量存放在消息缓冲的开头,紧跟在struct _io_read
或struct _io_write
后,比如:
struct myread_offset {
struct _io_read read;
struct _xtype_offset offset;
}
-
_IO_XTYPE_READCOND
,如果客户端调用readcond()
,通常会对时间和缓冲区的大小增加一些限制。这个限制放置在消息缓冲区的开头,紧跟在struct _io_read
或struct _io_write
后,比如:
struct myreadcond {
struct _io_read read;
struct _xtype_readcond cond;
}
-
_IO_XFLAG_DIR_EXTRA_HINT
,只有在读取目录时才有效。
当你不想使用扩展功能时,可以参考以下例子:
int
io_read (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_read_t *msg,
RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb)
{
int status;
if ((status = iofunc_read_verify(ctp, msg, ocb, NULL))
!= EOK) {
return (status);
}
/* No special xtypes */
if ((msg->i.xtype & _IO_XTYPE_MASK) != _IO_XTYPE_NONE)
return (ENOSYS);
...
}
4.2 处理
pread*()
和pwrite*()
客户端调用pread*()
函数时,处理_IO_READ
消息的示例代码如下:
/* we are defining io_pread_t here to make the code below
simple */
typedef struct {
struct _io_read read;
struct _xtype_offset offset;
} io_pread_t;
int
io_read (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_read_t *msg,
RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb)
{
off64_t offset; /* where to read from */
int status;
if ((status = iofunc_read_verify(ctp, msg, ocb, NULL))
!= EOK) {
return(status);
}
switch(msg->i.xtype & _IO_XTYPE_MASK) {
case _IO_XTYPE_NONE:
offset = ocb->offset;
break;
case _IO_XTYPE_OFFSET:
/*
* io_pread_t is defined above.
* Client is doing a one-shot read to this offset by
* calling one of the pread*() functions
*/
offset = ((io_pread_t *) msg)->offset.offset;
break;
default:
return(ENOSYS);
}
...
}
客户端调用pwrite*()
时,处理_IO_WRITE
消息的示例代码如下:
/* we are defining io_pwrite_t here to make the code below
simple */
typedef struct {
struct _io_write write;
struct _xtype_offset offset;
} io_pwrite_t;
int
io_write (resmgr_context_t *ctp, io_write_t *msg,
RESMGR_OCB_T *ocb)
{
off64_t offset; /* where to write */
int status;
size_t skip; /* offset into msg to where the data
resides */
if ((status = iofunc_write_verify(ctp, msg, ocb, NULL))
!= EOK) {
return(status);
}
switch(msg->i.xtype & _IO_XTYPE_MASK) {
case _IO_XTYPE_NONE:
offset = ocb->offset;
skip = sizeof(io_write_t);
break;
case _IO_XTYPE_OFFSET:
/*
* io_pwrite_t is defined above
* client is doing a one-shot write to this offset by
* calling one of the pwrite*() functions
*/
offset = ((io_pwrite_t *) msg)->offset.offset;
skip = sizeof(io_pwrite_t);
break;
default:
return(ENOSYS);
}
...
/*
* get the data from the sender's message buffer,
* skipping all possible header information
*/
resmgr_msgreadv(ctp, iovs, niovs, skip);
...
}
需要注意的是,通常情况下在发送消息缓冲中,数据会紧跟着struct _io_write
,而在上边这种情况下,数据紧跟在struct _xtype_offset
后边,这里边会存在一个偏移。
4.3 处理
readcond()
与处理pread()/_IO_XTYPE_OFFSET
类似,如下:
typedef struct {
struct _io_read read;
struct _xtype_readcond cond;
} io_readcond_t
struct _xtype_readcond *cond
...
CASE _IO_XTYPE_READCOND:
cond = &((io_readcond_t *)msg)->cond
break;
}
5. Updating the time for reads and writes
在读操作的那个示例代码中,有如下代码:
if (msg->i.nbytes > 0)
ocb->attr->flags |= IOFUNC_ATTR_ATIME;
根据POSIX标准,当读取大于0字节的数据并且成功后,需要去更新访问时间,但是POSIX标准中并没有说需要立刻去更新,因此当有多次读的时候,可能并不想每次都从内核中获取时间,可以在需要更新的时候再统一更新,这样做的缺点是时间记录的不是每一次读操作的时间。如果想记录每次读的时间,那么可以调用iofunc_time_update()
接口,代码如下:
if (msg->i.nbytes > 0) {
ocb->attr->flags |= IOFUNC_ATTR_ATIME;
iofunc_time_update(ocb->attr);
}
写操作也是一样的原理。