本文详情请参考老男孩博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html
# 增 # # models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo') 增加一条数据，可以接受字典类型数据 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo') # obj.save() # 查 # # models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 获取单条数据，不存在则报错（不建议） # models.Tb1.objects.all() # 获取全部 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据 # 删 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 删除指定条件的数据 # 改 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0') # 将指定条件的数据更新，均支持 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1) # obj.c1 = '111' # obj.save() # 修改单条数据 基本操作
# 获取个数 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count() # 大于，小于 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值 # in # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in # isnull # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) # contains # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") # range # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and # 其他类似 # # startswith，istartswith, endswith, iendswith, # order by # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc # group by # # from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum # models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num')) # SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" # limit 、offset # # models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] # regex正则匹配，iregex 不区分大小写 # # Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +') # Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +') # date # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # year # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) # month # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) # day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) # week_day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) # hour # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) # Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) # minute # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) # Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) # second # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) # Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
# extra # # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) # Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) # F # # from django.db.models import F # models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F('num')+1) # Q # # 方式一： # Q(nid__gt=10) # Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) # Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root') # 方式二： # con = Q() # q1 = Q() # q1.connector = 'OR' # q1.children.append(('id', 1)) # q1.children.append(('id', 10)) # q1.children.append(('id', 9)) # q2 = Q() # q2.connector = 'OR' # q2.children.append(('c1', 1)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 10)) # q2.children.append(('c1', 9)) # con.add(q1, 'AND') # con.add(q2, 'AND') # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(con) # 执行原生SQL # # from django.db import connection, connections # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) # row = cursor.fetchone()
################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self) # 获取所有的数据对象 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是：参数，字典，Q def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相关：表之间进行join连表操作，一次性获取关联的数据。 model.tb.objects.all().select_related() model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段') model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段') def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相关：多表连表操作时速度会慢，使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。 # 获取所有用户表 # 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID) models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段') from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField Article.objects.annotate( numviews=Count(Case( When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1), output_field=CharField(), )) ) students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum( models.Case( models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1), default=0, output_field=models.IntegerField() ))) def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用于实现聚合group by查询 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用于distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用于排序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age') def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射，如：子查询 Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) def reverse(self): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse() # 注：如果存在order_by，reverse则是倒序，如果多个排序则一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id') #映射中排除某列数据 def only(self, *fields): #仅取某个表中的数据 models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id') def using(self, alias): 指定使用的数据库，参数为别名（setting中的设置） ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 执行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') # 如果SQL是其他表时，必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') # 为原生SQL设置参数 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) # 指定数据库 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values(self, *fields): # 获取每行数据为字典格式 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 获取每行数据为元祖 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容 # kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日） # order只能是："ASC" "DESC" # 并获取转换后的时间 - year : 年-01-01 - month: 年-月-01 - day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC') def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容，将时间转换为指定时区时间 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是："ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo时区对象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none(self): # 空QuerySet对象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函数，获取字典类型聚合结果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid')) ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4} def count(self): # 获取个数 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 获取单个对象 def create(self, **kwargs): # 创建对象 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的个数 objs = [ models.DDD(name='r11'), models.DDD(name='r22') ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在，则获取，否则，创建 # defaults 指定创建时，其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在，则更新，否则，创建 # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1}) def first(self): # 获取第一个 def last(self): # 获取最后一个 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根据主键ID进行查找 id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete(self): # 删除 def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新 def exists(self): # 是否有结果
#分组，聚合函数
from django.db.models import Count,Sum,Max,Min v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxxx=Count('id')) print(v.query) v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('ut_id').annotate(xxxx=Count('id')).filter(xxxx__gt=2) print(v.query)
#后面放了filter
between..and..
# 获取个数 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count() # 大于，小于 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于等于10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值 #区间范围包含 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__in=[1,2,3,5]) models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id__range=[1,2]) models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name__startswith='xxx') models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name__contains='xxx') #不等于用exclude models.UserInfo.objects.exclude(id=1)
# order by
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc
ethtool