【笔记】Peak-Chap 3-1/2

Chapter 3  Mental Representations

THE ACCIDENTAL BLINDFOLD CHESS MASTER

THE SECRET TO WINNING CHESS

MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS

RECOGNIZING AND RESPONDING TO PATTERNS

MAKING SENSE OF INFORMATION

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FINDING AN ANSWER

PLANNING

MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN LEARNING

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ARE MENTAL TOO

词汇学习

chunk /tʃʌŋk/ noun [countable]

1 a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape

ice chunks

chunk of

a chunk of bread

2 a large part or amount of something

The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary.

原文出处：Bill Chase and Herb Simon called these patterns “chunks,” and the important thing about them is that they are held in long-term memory.

nov‧ice /ˈnɒvɪs ， ˈnɑː-/ noun [countable]

1 someone who has no experience in a skill, subject, or activity SYN  beginner

The computer course is ideal for novices.

novice at

I’m still a complete novice at the sport.

This trail is not recommended for novice bikers.

2 someone who has recently joined a religious group to become a monk or nun

原文出处：It is their way of “seeing” the board, and it’s quite different from how a novice would see the same board.

zero in on somebody/something

phrasal verb

1 to direct all your attention towards a particular person or thing SYN  home in on

2 to aim a gun or other weapon towards something or someone

原文出处：In short, while the mental representations give masters a view of the forest that novices lack, they also allow masters to zero in on the trees when necessary.

Application: She immediately zeroed in on the weak point in his argument.

紧接着第二章跳出对不同类型，不同方法的练习的介绍，和跳跃引申到训练肌肉、体能与训练大脑的异同，以及大脑几乎无限的适应性和潜能。这一章，我们先通过盲棋比赛大师的事例，认识到大脑工作方式的特征是Mental Representation。其实也就是对已经掌握的技能的无意识编译。这样的例子存在于日常生活的方方面面，我们走路吃饭，牵涉的神经和脑讯号，涉及的肌肉纷繁复杂，却因为我们将无章的信息编译，又下意识形成了命令和执行，才能行走自如。

盲棋大师的学习方式有个共同点，就是他们都只是先进行高强度的棋技训练，没有人为了盲棋专门练习对棋盘图形的记忆，而棋技高手，自然盲棋都是高手。

一方面，棋技的练习不在于下棋时间，而是对棋谱或者说高手棋路的研究和思考，这才是purposeful practice的关键。

另一方面，对于棋路的记忆，也是攻守战术，各种策略的有机结合，并非单独每个棋子位置的机械记忆。

拿另一件事音乐的学习相比，高手需要的技巧不仅是谱面本身的演奏注意事项，音符和和声的组合，琶音的连接，交响曲中各个动机的出现，重复性和每一处的微小不同。既有简单的个别练习技巧，更多需要全局观。最终成品，是翻译了谱面信息，代入自己思考，再自然而然由mental representation呈现的有机整体。