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Raskolnikov

陀斯妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》的男主人公

小说描写穷大学生拉斯柯尔尼科夫受无政府主义思想毒害，认为自己是个超人，可以为所欲为。为生计所迫，他杀死放高利贷的老太婆阿廖娜和她的无辜妹妹丽扎韦塔，制造了一起震惊全俄的凶杀案。经历了一场内心痛苦的忏悔后，他最终在基督徒索尼雅姑娘的规劝下，投案自首，被判流放西伯利亚。作品着重刻画主人公犯罪后的心理变化，揭示俄国下层人民的苦难生活。

Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

TheStanford–Binet Intelligence Scales(or more commonly theStanford-Binet) is an individually administeredintelligence testthat was revised from the original Binet-Simon Scale byLewis M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale is now in its fifth edition (SB5) and was released in 2003. It is a cognitive ability andintelligencetest that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing,working memory, and fluid reasoning.

The development of the Stanford–Binet initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of anadaptive test. The test originated inFrance, then was revised in theUnited States. It was initially created by the FrenchpsychologistAlfred Binet, who, following the introduction of a law mandatinguniversal educationby theFrench government, began developing a method of identifying "slow" children for their placement inspecial educationprograms (rather than removing them to asylums as "sick").[1]As Binet indicated,case studiesmight be more detailed and helpful, but the time required to test many people would be excessive. In 1916, atStanford University, the psychologist Lewis Terman released a revised examination which became known as the "Stanford–Binet test".