寒假托福基础夯实班的意义
WHY -> TOEFL
1)高中10年级 -> 本科或研究生入学语言成绩要求 - 申请
2)提高交流效率,融入留学当地文化生活 - 能力
3)学英语 -> 用英语学
社科;文科;商科;理工科;通识教育
留学生活典型的一天:
seminar, presentation, workshop, lecture
互动 - 学生的学习目标是什么?人生规划以及理想是什么?
WHAT -> 打基础
托福不直接考语法,但是考察学生使用语法的能力 -> 什么意思,往下看?
- Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
- Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.
互动 - 如何划分句子结构?定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句(主宾表同)
作业
随堂练习
课后作业 (30分钟~60分钟完成量)
句子划分
从句识别
句子翻译
长难句结构
作文
语法的三个方面
形式:某个语法结构式怎样构成的,例如“现在完成进行时”的构成行驶时have been doing。这是使用语法规则的七点,即首先要做到能够准确的构造某个语法结构。
意义:比如“现在完成进行时”表示“一个活动从过去一直延续到现在说话时刻”,这是现在完成时态这一结构所具备的语法意义。
特定意义<-对应->特定结构形式
特定的结构形式能够表达特定的意义,对于一个句子,它的含义不仅仅是来自于剧中所使用的词汇的含义,而是还有来自其中特定语法结构所含有的语法意义。
用法:与实际交流中的语境有关系,即在什么样的语境中,采用何种语法结构来表达特定的意义。
例1:I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.
我来北京14年了
我倒北京一路上走了14年
在过去这14年当中,我常常来北京
have been coming在英文里表示的是一个重复的活动,即用短暂动词的完成进行时来表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。
例2:I have been coming to Beijing fourteen times.
现在完成进行时态在表示重复活动时,不能说明具体的次数。
例3:辨析三者的区别
I am married.
I got married last year.
I've been married forover a year.
学好语法的方法
思考+练习
学习路线:
初级语法[构造简单句,使用简单谓语] -> 中级语法[构造复合句,使用复杂谓语] -> [复合句与简单句的转化,运用非谓语简化从句]
初级两大主线:
名词性短语:名词,限定词和形容词。
动词:五种基本句型。
中级:
从句入门:如何将两个简单句合并成为三大从句,即名词从句,定语从句和状语从句。
[选讲 复杂谓语:虚拟语气等。]
高级:
从句提高:分析和构造复杂的难句,用于轻松应对各类国内外考试中的阅读理解及写作。
三大非谓语:不定式,动名词和分词。
三大从句和三大谓语联系与转化
初级语法- 名词短语
名词短语是英语句子的核心组成部分。
语言的构造:
词
短语
句子 -----学习语法用于正确造句
段落
篇章
短语:
动词短语 have been doing
介词短语 for you
* 名词短语 my best friend
名词短语 = 名词 +修饰语
例4 名词短语在句子中的成分:
Theser ed roses are for you
I have three close friends
I really need a new computer
I can't find the best answer
He is my best friend
There are some red rose on that small table
表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
表语形式
名词作表语
Africa is a big continent.
非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me.
那件事对我来说任然是一个谜。
代词作表语
What’s your fax number?
你的传真号是多少?
Who's your best friend?
你最好的朋友是谁?
形容词作表语
I feel much better today.
我今天感觉好多了。
He is old but he is healthy。
他很老,但他很健康。
数词作表语
She was the first to learn about it.
她是第一个知道的人。
不定式或ing形式作表语
Her job is selling computers.
她的工作是销售电脑。
Our next step was to get raw materials ready.
我们下一步是把原料准备好。
作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词:
hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐。
Her wish is to become a singer.
她的愿望是当一名歌手。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.
我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。
介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger.
病人脱险了。
I don’t feel at ease.
我感到不自在。
作为表语时,英语介词可以表示正在“进行”的动作。例如:
He is at work..
他正在工作。
The house is on fire!
房子着火了!
The road is under construction.
路正在修。
副词作表语
The sun is up.
太阳升起来了。
I must be off now.
现在我得走了。
从句作表语
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话。
非谓语单词作remain的表语。
Remain作“仍需去做(或说、处理)”讲时,后面加“to be done”作表语。
例: One problem remains to be solved。
有一个问题尚待解决。
表语从句
That’s not what I want.
That’s why I have come.
My opinion is that things will improve.
One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.
The truth is that he didn’t really try.
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it.
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.
It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虚拟语气)
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
The question is whether the God really exists.
What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
修饰词:
前置定语(定语)- 简单句中常见;
后置定语 - 复杂名词短语(定语从句,同位语从句,分词短语,不定式短语,介词短语,形容词短语和副词短语)
修饰语 :限定词 (these, three, a, the ,my 和that)+形容词(red, close, new, best和small)
The cute boy in blue jeans.
The cute boy wearing blue jeans.
The cute boy who is wearing bule jeans.
分析
a red rectangle emblazoned with five stars
限定词+形容词+中心名词+分词短语
名词
可数名词 student
不可数名词people
不可数名词可以转化为可数名词,例如room空间->a room房间
抽象概念具体化之后变为可数名词
课堂练习P20
作业:
总结常用作不可数的名词及分类
语法课程优先讲解后置定语,前置定语部分自己复习有时间再讲解,包含以下内容(主要是词法和情态动词):
限定词:冠词 a, an, the等
数量限定词与个体限定词 a few, few, a little, little, some/any, each/every, another/other, either/neither, both/all, neither/none, the other/another, each/every, a number of, several
形容词
前置修饰名词
后置修饰名词(a mistake typical of beginners of English; the songs popular in the 1970s)
形容词+介词短语(as large as)
形容词+不定式(eager to support them)
形容词+动名词短语(a writer busy serving the guests)
并列形容词
比较级/最高级
形容词ing/形容词ed
实义动词与(情态)助动词
be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being
do: does, did
have: has, had
can/could, may/might, shall/shuold, will/would, must, had better,[dare, need]
实义动词能够独立充当句子谓语,实义动词不仅是句子谓语的核心成分,更重要的是他决定了一个句子的骨架结构(宾语数量及其他句子成分)
最基本的词序:主语+谓语动词+宾语(subjective-verb-object, SVO),在英文句子中占80%。
中文 vs 英文
SVO 我吃了饭
OVS 饭吃了我 -> “饭吃了么,你?“
SOV 我饭吃了
OSV 饭我吃了
VOS 吃了饭了我
OV 饭吃了
VO 吃饭了
OV 鸡不吃了<-要不要吃鸡
观看视频
Basic Sentence Structure
Conjunctions
Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences
英语简单句的五种基本句型解决day day up, good good study
例句 分析句子结构:
I am a Webaholic
I like chatting online
Chatting on the Internet is interesting
Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun
We can call Internet addicts a Webaholic
Internet dating hurts
陈述对象+陈述内容 | 主语+谓语 | 名词+动词 | 物质+运动
总结
动词对于句子构造的重要性,因为句子的骨架结构完全是由谓语动词决定的 -> 学习英语单词时,特别关注动词的用法特点 -> 动词是灵魂
课堂练习:找出下列句子的主语部分和谓语部分
句型一:主语+系动词+表语
该句型的谓语动词是系动词(如be后其他系动词),系动词全称联系动词(linking verb),不表示具体的动作,而只是起连接主语和后面成分的作用。这种动词后面所借的成分是用来说明主语的特点,表明主语的性质特征的,因此称之为主语补足语,或表语(能表示主语特征的成分)。
课堂练习:翻译造句
He looks happy
I am a Webaholic
Chatting on the Internet is interesting
Learning English is important
The music sounds nice
He became a teacher
The leaf will turn yellow in autumn
系动词总结:
be: am, is, are,
look
taste
appear
sound
feel
become
smell
seem
turn
课堂练习:使用系动词造句
句型二:主语+谓语
该句型的谓语动词是不及物动词,所表示的工作没有作用对象,其本身的意思完整,其后不需要带宾语。
课堂练习:翻译造句
He died
These children are playing
Internet dating hurts
The fire is burning
Children giggle
The sun rises and the sun sets. Stars glitter and stars vanish
The sun sets in the west
He works hard
谓语动词的后面虽然不接宾语,但通常会接副词或介词短语来说明动作的方式,地点或时间等。英文中把这种修饰动作的成分称作状语。
The sun sets in the west
He works hard
课堂练习:翻译造句
They shouted loudly
He died at home
He died in 2007
课堂练习: 区分下列两个句子
He shouted loudly
He looks happy (happily) -> look是系动词,没有具体的动作。形容词happy不是修饰looks的,而是补充说明主语he的特征,作表语。
句型三:主语+谓语+宾语
该句型的谓语动词是及物动词,这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作所作用的对象是什么,这里所作用的对象就是我们通常称之为宾语的,即宾语是主语动作的承受对象,因此这类动词是带有宾语的。英文中的绝大多数动词都是及物动词。
These children are playing football
These children are playing
I love English
I like chatting on the Internet
He speaks English well
句型四:主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语
该句型的谓语动词是双宾动词,这种动词的后面所街成分有”人“又有”物“。一般来讲,这里的”人“表示动作的接受者,称作间接宾语。”物“表示动作作用的对象,是动作的承受者,称作直接宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语合起来叫做双宾语。
Chatting online will bring you a lot of fun
He lent me ten yuan
I will buy you a meal
I gave him my book
He showed the guard his possport
句型五:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
该句型中的谓语动词是宾补动词,这种动词的后面接宾语,而此宾语的后面又补充说明宾语的补足语。宾语和宾语补足语合起来叫做复合宾语。
We can call Internet addicts a Webaholic
We elected John chairman
I found this answer wrong
You can leave the door open
A hedge between keeps friednsip green
课堂作业:
如何区分句型四和句型五
在宾语的后面加上be动词,若能构成一个语义通顺的句子,则是补足语。因为宾语与宾语补足语的语义关系就相当于主语与主语补足语的关系,即类似一个”主系表“结构,所以,在宾语的后面添上一个系动词be,自然就应该能构成一个逻辑语义通顺的句子。而间接宾语与直接宾语之间就没有这样的语义关系,所以,添上be之后,自然就不能构成一个语义通顺的句子。
I made John our chairman
I made John a cake
总结
五种基本句型是解读英语句子和构造英语句子的基础。因为英文中各种复杂的句子均是由这五种基本句型扩大,组合,省略或倒装等各种变化形式变化而来的->熟练掌握五种基本句型
练习
托福长难句20题分析主谓宾