TED Talk The unheard story of David and Goliath 大卫和歌莉娅的故事 Speaker: Malcolm Gladwell 第三课
So David, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right? In fact, that term, David and Goliath, has entered our language as a metaphor for improbable victories by some weak party over someone far stronger. Now why do we call David an underdog? Well, we call him an underdog because he's a kid, a little kid, and Goliath is this big, strong giant. We also call him an underdog because Goliath is an experienced warrior, and David is just a shepherd. But most importantly, we call him an underdog because all he has is -- it's that Goliath is outfitted with all of this modern weaponry, this glittering coat of armor and a sword and a javelin and a spear, and all David has is this sling.
所以大卫，在那个故事里，应该是失败者，对吗？事实上，这个词，大卫和歌利亚，已经进入我们的语言作为一个比喻，不可能的胜利，一些弱党对某人远远强。为什么我们称大卫为失败者？好吧，我们称他为失败者，因为他是个孩子，一个小孩，而歌利亚是这个又大又强壮的巨人。我们也称他为失败者，因为歌利亚是一个有经验的战士，而大卫只是一个牧羊人。但最重要的是，我们称他为失败者，因为他所拥有的一切都是：歌利亚装备了所有这些现代武器，这件闪闪发光的盔甲和一把剑，一支标枪和一支长矛，所有的大卫都是这个弹弓。
【跟读】Had David not used a sling, he would have likely been defeated by his stronger opponent.
Well, let's start there with the phrase "All David has is this sling," because that's the first mistake that we make. In ancient warfare, there are three kinds of warriors. There's cavalry, men on horseback and with chariots. 好吧，让我们从“所有大卫都是这个吊带”这个短语开始，因为这是我们犯的第一个错误。在古代战争中，有三种武士。有骑兵，骑兵和战车。
There's heavy infantry, which are foot soldiers, armed foot soldiers with swords and shields and some kind of armor. 【跟读】那里有重步兵，他们是步兵，带着剑和盾牌的步兵，还有一些盔甲。
And there's artillery, and artillery are archers, but, more importantly, slingers. And a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch with two long cords attached to it, and they put a projectile, either a rock or a lead ball, inside the pouch, and they whirl it around like this and they let one of the cords go, and the effect is to send the projectile forward towards its target. That's what David has, and it's important to understand that that sling is not a slingshot. It's not this, right?还有火炮和弓箭，但更重要的是，弹弓。还有一个杀手是有一个有两条长绳子的皮革袋子的人，他们把一个弹片，或者一块石头或者一个铅球放在袋子里，他们像这样旋转着，让其中一条绳索离开，效果是将炮弹朝着目标前进。这就是大卫所拥有的，重要的是要明白，吊索不是弹弓。不是这个吧？
It's not a child's toy. It's in fact an incredibly devastating weapon. 【跟读】这不是孩子的玩具。事实上，这是一种令人难以置信的毁灭性武器。
When David rolls it around like this, he's turning the sling around probably at six or seven revolutions per second, and that means that when the rock is released, it's going forward really fast, probably 35 meters per second. 当大卫像这样滚动时，他可能会在六点或七点左右转动弹弓.
That's substantially faster than a baseball thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers. More than that, the stones in the Valley of Elah were not normal rocks. They were barium sulphate, which are rocks twice the density of normal stones. If you do the calculations on the ballistics, on the stopping power of the rock fired from David's sling, it's roughly equal to the stopping power of a [.45 caliber] handgun. This is an incredibly devastating weapon. Accuracy, we know from historical records that slingers -- experienced slingers could hit and maim or even kill a target at distances of up to 200 yards.
From medieval tapestries, we know that slingers were capable of hitting birds in flight.
They were incredibly accurate. When David lines up -- and he's not 200 yards away from Goliath, he's quite close to Goliath -- when he lines up and fires that thing at Goliath, he has every intention and every expectation of being able to hit Goliath at his most vulnerable spot between his eyes. If you go back over the history of ancient warfare, you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle or another.
So what's Goliath? He's heavy infantry, and his expectation when he challenges the Israelites to a duel is that he's going to be fighting another heavy infantryman.
When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field," the key phrase is "Come to me."
Come up to me because we're going to fight, hand to hand, like this.
Saul has the same expectation.
David says, "I want to fight Goliath," and Saul tries to give him his armor, because Saul is thinking, "
Oh, when you say 'fight Goliath,' you mean 'fight him in hand-to-hand combat,' infantry on infantry."
那歌利亚是什么？他是一个重步兵，当他挑战以色列人决斗的时候，他的期望是他将与另一个重步兵战斗。当他说：“到我这里来，我要把你的肉喂给天上的飞鸟和田野的走兽，”关键的话是“到我这里来”。到我这里来，因为我们要战斗，手拉手，像这样。索尔也有同样的期望。大卫说：“我要和歌利亚作战，”扫罗想把他的盔甲给他，因为扫罗在想：“哦，当你说‘打歌利亚’时，你的意思是‘用手打他，用手打他，’用步兵对付步兵。”
But David has absolutely no expectation.但大卫完全没有期望。他不会那样跟他打。他为什么会这样？他是个牧羊人。
He's not going to fight him that way.
Why would he? He's a shepherd.
He's spent his entire career using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves. 【跟读】他整个职业生涯都是用一个吊索来保护自己的羊群对抗狮子和狼。
That's where his strength lies. So here he is, this shepherd, experienced in the use of a devastating weapon, up against this lumbering giant weighed down by a hundred pounds of armor and these incredibly heavy weapons that are useful only in short-range combat. Goliath is a sitting duck. He doesn't have a chance. So why do we keep calling David an underdog, and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable?
那就是他的力量所在。因此，他在这里，这个牧羊人，经历了一个毁灭性的武器的使用，对抗这个笨重的巨人的重量下降了100磅的装甲和这些令人难以置信的重型武器是有用的，只有在短程作战。歌利亚是一个坐着的鸭子。他没有机会。那么，为什么我们一直称大卫为一个失败者，为什么我们总是说他的胜利是不可能的呢？