ClassLoader

一、什么是ClassLoader

顾名思义,即是类加载器,具体作用就是将.class文件加载到JVM虚拟机中去,程序就可以正确运行了。

二、认识.class文件

Java是解释性语言,编写的代码都是.java文件,需要经过compile(编译)成.class文件才能运行。拿入门Hello World来讲:

HelloWorld.java

public class HelloWorld{

    public static void main(String[] args){
        System.out.println("Hello world!");
    }
}

不能直接运行,需要执行javac HelloWorld.java生成.class文件;

HelloWorld.class

cafe babe 0000 0034 001d 0a00 0600 0f09
0010 0011 0800 120a 0013 0014 0700 1507
0016 0100 063c 696e 6974 3e01 0003 2829
... ...

.class文件是字节码文件,加载到JVM中可以直接运行。换句话说,其他语言例如C编写的程序正确转换为.class文件后,JVM也是能识别运行的。

三、初探ClassLoader

测试程序:

public class ClassLoaderDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(ClassLoaderDemo.class.getClassLoader());
        System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());
    }
}

输出:

sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2
null

说明这个类是经过AppClassLoader加载到JVM中的,顺便观察下继承图:

ClassLoader_第1张图片
image

疑问:但是为什么String的类加载器是null??

四、Java提供的ClassLoader

  • Bootstrap ClassLoader:最顶层的加载类,主要加载核心类库,%JRE_HOME%\lib下的rt.jar、resources.jar、charsets.jar和class等;
  • Extention ClassLoader:扩展的类加载器,加载目录%JRE_HOME%\lib\ext目录下的jar包和class文件;
  • Appclass Loader:也称为SystemAppClass,加载当前应用的classpath的所有类;

需要查看上述之间的联系,可以查看JVM的入口sun.misc.Launcher,源码太长,精简后:

public class Launcher {
    private static String bootClassPath = System.getProperty("sun.boot.class.path");
    private static Launcher launcher = new Launcher();
    public Launcher() {
        Launcher.ExtClassLoader var1= Launcher.ExtClassLoader.getExtClassLoader();
        this.loader = Launcher.AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(var1);
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(this.loader);
    }
}

Launcher的构造方法中初始化了ExtClassLoader和AppClassLoader,但是不见BootstrapClassLoader,只有一个系统环境变量,查看sun.boot.class.path;

sun.boot.class.path:

D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\resources.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\rt.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\sunrsasign.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jce.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\classes

顺着这个配置文件,分别查看ExtClassLoader和AppClassLoader的源码,可以发现都有加载路径的配置,java.ext.dirsjava.class.path

java.ext.dirs:

D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext;
C:\Windows\Sun\Java\lib\ext

java.class.path:

D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jce.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\resources.jar;
D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\rt.jar;
D:\idea_work\ClassLoaderDemo\out\production\ClassLoaderDemo;
D:\developer\IntelliJ IDEA 2017.3\lib\idea_rt.jar

AppClassLoader的父加载器是ExtClassLoader,而ExtClassLoader的父加载器是BootstrapClassLoader。

注:父加载器不是父类,不能通过getParent()判定。

疑点:AppClassLoader getParent()是ExtClassLoader?

getParent()位于ClassLoader类下,直接返回私有变量parent,那么这个parent只有在ClassLoader的构造方法中初始化。回到Launcher源码this.loader = Launcher.AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(var1);,再去查看getAppClassLoader便一目了然了。

那么ExtClassLoader为什么没有传入BootstrapClassLoader作为parent参数呢?Bootstrap ClassLoader是C/C++编写的,它本身是虚拟机的一部分,所以它并不是一个JAVA类,也就是无法在java代码中获取它的引用,这便解释上面String的加载器为什么是null。

五、双亲委托

JVM加载一个class时先查看是否已经加载过,没有则通过父加载器,然后递归下去,直到BootstrapClassLoader,如果BootstrapClassloader找到了,直接返回,如果没有找到,则一级一级返回(查看规定加载路径),最后到达自身去查找这些对象。这种机制就叫做双亲委托。

ClassLoader_第2张图片
image

好处是:

  1. 避免重复加载
    A和B都需要加载X,各自加载就会导致X加载了两次,JVM中出现两份X的字节码;
  2. 防止恶意加载
    编写恶意类java.lang.Object,自定义加载替换系统原生类;

按需查看ClassLoader下的loadClass方法(精简);

Class c = findLoadedClass(name);
if (c == null) {
    if (parent != null) {
        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
    } else {
        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
    }
}

也很好的印证了上面双亲委托模型,首先从缓存找,然后根据parent是否为null(BootstrapClassLoader)向上委托加载。

双亲委托只是JVM的规范,是可以通过在自定义ClassLoader时重写loadClass方法打破的。

六、自定义ClassLoader

首先想到的是继承ClassLoader重写loadClass(),那么可以这样写;

import java.io.*;

public class CustomClassLoader extends ClassLoader {

    private static final String DRIVER = "D:\\idea_work\\ClassLoaderDemo\\classes";

    private static final String FILE_TYEP = ".class";

    @Override
    public Class loadClass(String name) {
        byte[] data = loadClassData(name);
        return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
    }

    private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
        FileInputStream fis;
        byte[] data = null;
        try {
            File file = new File(DRIVER, name + FILE_TYEP);
            fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            int ch;
            while ((ch = fis.read()) != -1) {
                baos.write(ch);
            }
            data = baos.toByteArray();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return data;
    }
}
  1. 指定自定义加载class文件的路径;
  2. 根据class名称解析获取对应的字节流数组;
  3. 重写loadClass()采用defineClass返回需要的Class类;

编写测试Main程序;

public class ClassLoaderDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CustomClassLoader loader = new CustomClassLoader();
        try {
            Class c1 = loader.loadClass("Cat");
            Object object = c1.newInstance();
            System.out.println(object);
        } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

然后我们将编译后的Cat.class文件放在上述指定的目录下,执行会发现报错;

java.io.FileNotFoundException: D:\idea_work\ClassLoaderDemo\classes\java.lang.Object.class (系统找不到指定的文件。)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.open0(Native Method)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.open(FileInputStream.java:195)
    at java.io.FileInputStream.(FileInputStream.java:138)
    at CustomClassLoader.loadClassData(CustomClassLoader.java:28)
    at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:11)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:763)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:642)
    at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
    at ClassLoaderDemo.main(ClassLoaderDemo.java:6)
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
    at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:763)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:642)
    at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
    at ClassLoaderDemo.main(ClassLoaderDemo.java:6)

可以发现,通过某类加载器加载的类,所拥有的成员变量同样是该类加载器加载

有两种解决方案:

  1. 在loadClass()方法中增加判断,当加载class文件不存在即调用super.loadClass(name);
  2. 重写findClass()方法,实现过程不变,前提是自定义加载class文件的路径不在三大加载器加载路径中(推荐);

可以看到ClassLoader源码中有这个方法;

    /**
     * Finds the class with the specified binary name.
     * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that
     * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by
     * the {@link #loadClass loadClass} method after checking the
     * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation
     * throws a ClassNotFoundException.
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The binary name of the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting Class object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Class findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
    }

默认抛出异常,自定义ClassLoader一般都需要重写该方法;

import java.io.*;

public class CustomClassLoader extends ClassLoader {

    private static final String DRIVER = "D:\\idea_work\\ClassLoaderDemo\\classes";

    private static final String FILE_TYEP = ".class";

    @Override
    public Class findClass(String name) {
        byte[] data = loadClassData(name);
        return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
    }

    private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
        FileInputStream fis;
        byte[] data = null;
        try {
            File file = new File(DRIVER, name + FILE_TYEP);
            System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
            fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            int ch;
            while ((ch = fis.read()) != -1) {
                baos.write(ch);
            }
            data = baos.toByteArray();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return data;
    }
}

再次执行Main程序正常输出。

疑问:可以编写java.lang.xxx,自定义替换加载?

编写java.lang.String类:

package java.lang;

public class String {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("String");
    }
}

运行打印错误信息:

错误: 在类 java.lang.String 中找不到 main 方法, 请将 main 方法定义为:
   public static void main(String[] args)
否则 JavaFX 应用程序类必须扩展javafx.application.Application

根据双亲委托模型String早已在BootstrapClassLoader中加载过原生的,所以这里会提示找不到main方法;

编写java.lang.Test类:

package java.lang;

public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Test");
    }
}

运行打印错误信息:

Error: A JNI error has occurred, please check your installation and try again
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.SecurityException: Prohibited package name: java.lang
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.preDefineClass(ClassLoader.java:662)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:761)
    at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
    at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:467)
    at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$100(URLClassLoader.java:73)
    at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:368)
    at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:362)
    at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
    at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:361)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:424)
    at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:338)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:357)
    at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:495)

应该是由于Java的安全机制禁止自己命名包名java.lang的,查看ClassLoader源码看到有个preDefineClass方法:

/* Determine protection domain, and check that:
    - not define java.* class,
    - signer of this class matches signers for the rest of the classes in
      package.
*/
private ProtectionDomain preDefineClass(String name,
                                        ProtectionDomain pd)
{
    if (!checkName(name))
        throw new NoClassDefFoundError("IllegalName: " + name);

    // Note:  Checking logic in java.lang.invoke.MemberName.checkForTypeAlias
    // relies on the fact that spoofing is impossible if a class has a name
    // of the form "java.*"
    if ((name != null) && name.startsWith("java.")) {
        throw new SecurityException
            ("Prohibited package name: " +
             name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.')));
    }
    if (pd == null) {
        pd = defaultDomain;
    }

    if (name != null) checkCerts(name, pd.getCodeSource());

    return pd;
}

这个是在defineClass也就是将class文件字节流数组转换为Class对象时预处理过程,并且是private私有,不允许子类进行修改,因而编写java开头的包名加载都会受到限制。

七、参考文章

  1. 一看你就懂,超详细java中的ClassLoader详解

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