django-进阶
Django的分页器(paginator)
views
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
from app01.models import *
from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger
def index(request):
'''
批量导入数据:
Booklist=[]
for i in range(100):
Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i))
Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist)
'''
'''
分页器的使用:
book_list=Book.objects.all()
paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)
print("count:",paginator.count) #数据总数
print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages) #总页数
print("page_range",paginator.page_range) #页码的列表
page1=paginator.page(1) #第1页的page对象
for i in page1: #遍历第1页的所有数据对象
print(i)
print(page1.object_list) #第1页的所有数据
page2=paginator.page(2)
print(page2.has_next()) #是否有下一页
print(page2.next_page_number()) #下一页的页码
print(page2.has_previous()) #是否有上一页
print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一页的页码
# 抛错
#page=paginator.page(12) # error:EmptyPage
#page=paginator.page("z") # error:PageNotAnInteger
'''
book_list=Book.objects.all()
paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)
page = request.GET.get('page',1)
currentPage=int(page)
try:
print(page)
book_list = paginator.page(page)
except PageNotAnInteger:
book_list = paginator.page(1)
except EmptyPage:
book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)
return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})
index.html
Title
分页器
{% for book in book_list %}
- {{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}
{% endfor %}
扩展
def index(request):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15)
page = request.GET.get('page',1)
currentPage=int(page)
# 如果页数十分多时,换另外一种显示方式
if paginator.num_pages>30:
if currentPage-5<1:
pageRange=range(1,11)
elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages:
pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1)
else:
pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5)
else:
pageRange=paginator.page_range
try:
print(page)
book_list = paginator.page(page)
except PageNotAnInteger:
book_list = paginator.page(1)
except EmptyPage:
book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)
return render(request,"index.html",locals())
中间件
中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
Django的中间件的定义:
Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing.
It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.
如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作,这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。
大家可能频繁在view使用request.user
吧。 Django想在每个view执行之前把user设置为request的属性,于是就用了一个中间件来实现这个目标。所以Django提供了可以修改request 对象的中间件 AuthenticationMiddleware
。
Django默认的Middleware
:
每一个中间件都有具体的功能。
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
自定义中间件
中间件中一共有四个方法:
process_request
process_view
process_exception
process_response
process_request,process_response
当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件,这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,在依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。
上述截图中的中间件都是django中的,我们也可以自己定义一个中间件,我们可以自己写一个类,但是必须继承MiddlewareMixin
需要导入
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
in views:
def index(request):
print("view函数...")
return HttpResponse("OK")
in Mymiddlewares.py:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md2请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
结果:
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意:如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中断"),程序将把请求直接发给中间件2返回,然后依次返回到请求者,结果如下:
返回Md2中断的页面,后台打印如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下:
process_view
process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
Mymiddlewares.py修改如下
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md1请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md1view")
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md2请求")
return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md2view")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md1view
Md2view
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
下图进行分析上面的过程:
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达views函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。
process_view可以用来调用视图函数:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md1请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
# return HttpResponse("hello")
response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
return response
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意:process_view如果有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行。
process_exception
process_exception(self, request, exception)
示例修改如下:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md1请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md1中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
# return HttpResponse("hello")
# response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
# return response
print("md1 process_view...")
def process_exception(self):
print("md1 process_exception...")
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("Md2请求")
# return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("md2 process_view...")
def process_exception(self):
print("md1 process_exception...")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下:
当views出现错误时:
将md2的process_exception修改如下:
def process_exception(self,request,exception):
print("md2 process_exception...")
return HttpResponse("error")
结果如下:
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回