【进阶系列】前端开发环境构建(七)JS依赖管理 -- Bower

2.4 Bower——js依赖管理的工具

2.4.1 bower介绍

        Bower是 twitter 推出的一款包管理工具,基于nodejs的模块化思想,把功能分散到各个模块中,让模块和模块之间存在联系,通过Bower 来管理模块间的这种联系。

        包管理工具一般有以下的功能:

    1、注册机制:每个包需要确定一个唯一的ID 使得搜索和下载的时候能够正确匹配,所以包管理工具需要维护注册信息,可以依赖其他平台。

    2、文件存储:确定文件存放的位置,下载的时候可以找到,当然这个地址在网络上是可访问的。

    3、上传下载:这是工具的主要功能,能提高包使用的便利性。比如想用jquery 只需要 install 一下就可以了,不用到处找下载。上传并不是必备的,根据文件存储的位置而定,但需要有一定的机制保障。

    4、依赖分析:这也是包管理工具主要解决的问题之一,既然包之间是有联系的,那么下载的时候就需要处理他们之间的依赖。下载一个包的时候也需要下载依赖的包。

        功能介绍,摘自文章:http://chuo.me/2013/02/twitter-bower.html

2.4.2 bower安装

        bower插件是通过npm, Node.js包管理器安装和管理的.

2.4.2.1 我的系统环境

         win7 64bit

         Nodejs:v0.10.5

         Npm:1.2.19

~ D:\workspace\javascript>node –v v0.10.5

~ D:\workspace\javascript>npm –v 1.2.19

        在系统中,我们已经安装好了Nodejs和npm。win7安装nodejs请参考文章:Nodejs开发框架Express3.0开发手记–从零开始

2.4.2.2 安装bower

全局安装bower

~ D:\workspace\javascript>npm install bower -g

新建一个express3的项目nodejs-bower

~ D:\workspace\javascript>express -e nodejs-bower

~ D:\workspace\javascript>cd

nodejs-bower && npm install

Mac下安装:

sudo npm

install -g bower

2.4.3 bower命令

        Commands,列出了bower支持的各种命令。

    cache: bower缓存管理

    help: 显示Bower命令的帮助信息

    home: 通过浏览器打开一个包的github发布页

    info: 查看包的信息

    init: 创建bower.json文件

    install: 安装包到项目

    link: 在本地bower库建立一个项目链接

    list: 列出项目已安装的包

    lookup: 根据包名查询包的URL

    prune: 删除项目无关的包

    register: 注册一个包

    search: 搜索包

    update: 更新项目的包

    uninstall: 删除项目的包

2.4.4 bower使用范例

2.4.4.1 安装jQuery到项目nodejs-bower

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower install jquery

bower jquery#*             not-cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#*

bower jquery#*                resolve git://github.com/components/jquery.git#*

bower jquery#*               download https://github.com/components/jquery/archive/2.0.3.tar.gz

bower jquery#*                extract archive.tar.gz

bower jquery#*               resolved git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#~2.0.3           install jquery#2.0.3

jquery#2.0.3 bower_components\jquery

        通过执行命令,我们可以看到jQuery的最新版本被下载,并安装到项目的bower_components\jquery目录

        查看bower_components/jquery目录,发现了3个文件。

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>ls bower_components/jquery -a

.  ..  .bower.json component.json  jquery.js

        同样地,我们的项目还需要d3的类库

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower install d3

bower d3#*                 not-cached git://github.com/mbostock/d3.git#*

bower d3#*                     resolvegit://github.com/mbostock/d3.git#*

bower d3#*                   download https://github.com/mbostock/d3/archive/v3.2.8.tar.gz

bower d3#*                    extract archive.tar.gz

bower d3#*                   resolved git://github.com/mbostock/d3.git#3.2.8

bower d3#~3.2.8               install d3#3.2.8

d3#3.2.8 bower_components\d3

        非常方便,下载并安装完成!

2.4.4.2 查看项目中已导入的类库

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower list

bower check-new     Checking for newversions of the project dependencies..

nodejs-bower#0.0.0 D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery#2.0.3

2.4.4.3 安装bootstrap库,并查看依赖情况

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower install bootstrap

bower bootstrap#*              cached git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#3.0.0-rc1

bower bootstrap#*             validate 3.0.0-rc1 againstgit://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#*

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0          cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0        validate 2.0.3 against git://github.com/components/jquery.git#>= 1.9.0

bower bootstrap#~3.0.0-rc1    install bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1

bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 bower_components\bootstrap

└── jquery#2.0.3

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower list

bower check-new     Checking for newversions of the project dependencies..

nodejs-bower#0.0.0 D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower

├─┬ bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 extraneous

│ └── jquery#2.0.3

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery#2.0.3

        我们发现bootstrap,对jquery是有依赖的。

2.4.4.4 删除jQuery库,破坏依赖关系

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower uninstall jquery

bower conflict      bootstrapdepends on jquery

Continue anyway? (y/n) y

bower uninstall     jquery

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower list

bower check-new     Checking for newversions of the project dependencies..

nodejs-bower#0.0.0 D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower

├─┬ bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 extraneous

│ └── jquery missing

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery missing

2.4.4.5 安装低版本的jQuery,制造不版本兼容

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower install jquery#1.7.2

bower jquery#~2.0.3            cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#~2.0.3          validate 2.0.3 against git://github.com/components/jquery.git#~2.0.3

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0          cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0         validate 2.0.3 againstgit://github.com/components/jquery.git#>= 1.9.0

bower jquery#1.7.2             cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#1.7.2

bower jquery#1.7.2           validate 1.7.2 against git://github.com/components/jquery.git#1.7.2

Unable to find a suitable version for jquery, please choose one:

    1) jquery#1.7.2 which resolvedto 1.7.2

    2) jquery#~2.0.3 which resolvedto 2.0.3 and has nodejs-bower as dependants

    3) jquery#>= 1.9.0 whichresolved to 2.0.3 and has bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 as dependants

Prefix the choice with ! to persist it to bower.json

Choice: 1

bower jquery#1.7.2            install jquery#1.7.2

jquery#1.7.2 bower_components\jquery

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower list

bower check-new     Checking for newversions of the project dependencies..

nodejs-bower#0.0.0 D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower

├─┬ bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 extraneous

│ └── jquery#1.7.2 incompatible with >= 1.9.0 (2.0.3 available)

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery#1.7.2 incompatible with ~2.0.3 (2.0.3 available)

        我们可以清楚的看到bower,很明确的告诉了我们,jquery和bootstrap是不兼容的,强大之处大家应该有所体会。

2.4.4.6 升级jQuery,让版本兼容

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower update jquery

bower jquery#~2.0.3            cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#~2.0.3          validate 2.0.3 against git://github.com/components/jquery.git#~2.0.3

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0          cached git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

bower jquery#>= 1.9.0        validate 2.0.3 against git://github.com/components/jquery.git#>=1.9.0

bower jquery#~2.0.3           install jquery#2.0.3

jquery#2.0.3 bower_components\jquery

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower list

bower check-new     Checking for newversions of the project dependencies..

nodejs-bower#0.0.0 D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower

├─┬ bootstrap#3.0.0-rc1 extraneous

│ └── jquery#2.0.3

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery#2.0.3

        多么智能,一键搞定,这才是高效的开发。

2.4.4.7 查看本地bower已经缓存的类库

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower cache list

bootstrap=git://github.com/twbs/bootstrap.git#3.0.0-rc1

d3=git://github.com/mbostock/d3.git#3.2.8

jquery=git://github.com/components/jquery.git#1.7.2

jquery=git://github.com/components/jquery.git#2.0.3

2.4.4.8 查看D3库信息

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower info d3

d3

  Versions:

    - 3.2.8

    - 3.2.7

    - 3.2.6

    - 3.2.5

    - 3.2.4

    - 3.2.3

...

2.4.4.9 查看dojo库的url

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower lookup dojo

dojo git://github.com/dojo/dojo.git

2.4.4.10  用浏览器打开dojo的发布主页

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower home dojo

bower dojo#*                not-cachedgit://github.com/dojo/dojo.git#*

bower dojo#*                  resolve git://github.com/dojo/dojo.git#*

bower dojo#*                 download https://github.com/dojo/dojo/archive/1.9.1.tar.gz

bower dojo#*                  extract archive.tar.gz

bower dojo#*                 resolved git://github.com/dojo/dojo.git#1.9.1

        浏览器自动打开:https://github.com/dojo/dojo

2.4.4.11 查询包含dojo的类库

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower search dojo

Search results:

    dojogit://github.com/dojo/dojo.git

    dojoxgit://github.com/dojo/dojox.git

    dojo-utilgit://github.com/dojo/util.git

    dojo-bootstrapgit://github.com/samvdb/Dojo-Bootstrap

        真是方便实用的技术。

2.4.5 用bower提交自己类库

2.4.5.1 生成bower.json配置文件

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower init

bower existing      The existingbower.json file will be used and filled in

[?] name: nodejs-bower

[?] version: 0.0.0

[?] main file:

[?] set currently installed components as dependencies? No

[?] add commonly ignored files to ignore list? Yes

        查看生成的文件bower.json

{

  "name":"nodejs-bower",

  "version":"0.0.0",

  "ignore": [

    "**/.*",

    "node_modules",

    "bower_components",

    "test",

    "tests"

  ],

  "dependencies": {

    "d3":"git://github.com/mbostock/d3.git#~3.2.8",

    "jquery":"git://github.com/components/jquery.git#~2.0.3"

  }

}

2.4.5.2 在github创建一个资源库

2). github创建一个资源库:nodejs-bower

2.4.5.3 本地工程绑定github

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>git init

Initialized empty Git repository inD:/workspace/javascript/nodejs-bower/.git/

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>git add .

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>git commit -m "firstcommit"

# On branch master

#

# Initial commit

#

# Untracked files:

#   (use "git add ..." toinclude in what will be committed)

#

#       app.js

#       bower.json

#       bower_components/

#       node_modules/

#       package.json

#       public/

#       routes/

#       views/

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "gitadd" to track)

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>git remote add originhttps://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>git push -u origin master

Counting objects: 565, done.

Delta compression using up to 4 threads.

Compressing objects: 100% (516/516), done.

Writing objects: 100% (565/565), 803.08 KiB, done.

Total 565 (delta 26), reused 0 (delta 0)

To https://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower

 * [new branch]      master -> master

Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.

2.4.5.4 注册到bower官方类库

4). 注册到bower官方类库

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower register [email protected]:bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git

bower                         convert Converted [email protected]:bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git togit://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git

bower nodejs-bower#*          resolve git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git#*

bower nodejs-bower#*         checkout master

bower nodejs-bower#*         resolved git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git#af3ceaac07

Registering a package will make it visible and installable via the registry (https://bower.herokuapp.com), continue? (y/n)                    y

bower nodejs-bower           register git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git

Package nodejs-bower registered successfully!

All valid semver tags on git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git will be available as versions.

To publish a new version, you just need release a valid semver tag.

Run bower info nodejs-bower to list the package versions.

2.4.5.5 查询我们自己的包

5). 查询我们自己的包

D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower search nodejs-bower

Search results:

nodejs-bowergit://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git

2.4.5.6 安装我们自己的包

6). 安装我们自己的包

D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-bower>bower install nodejs-bower

bower nodejs-bower#*           cached git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git#af3ceaac07

bower nodejs-bower#*         validate af3ceaac07 against git://github.com/bsspirit/nodejs-bower.git#*

bower nodejs-bower#*          install nodejs-bower#af3ceaac07

nodejs-bower#af3ceaac07 bower_components\nodejs-bower

├── d3#3.2.8

└── jquery#2.0.3

        其实模块化,版本依赖,开发类库,发布类库,安装类库,都是一条命令!还能再简单一点么!快把项目模块化,然后分享给大家吧!!未来是属于开发者的。

2.4.6 在WebStorm中使用bower

2.4.6.1 往bower.json中添加插件包

内容格式如下:

{

    "name":"HJNodeJSPro2",

   "description": "A starter project for AngularJS",

   "version": "0.0.0",

   "license": "MIT",

   "private": true,

   "dependencies": {

       "angular": "1.4.x",

       "angular-mocks": "1.4.x",

       "jquery": "~2.1.1",

       "bootstrap": "~3.1.1",

       "angular-route": "1.4.x",

       "angular-resource": "1.4.x",

       "angular-animate": "1.4.x",

                         “susy”,

    }

}

2.4.7 参考链接

Bower—— 一个Web的包管理工具

http://ce.sysu.edu.cn/hope/Item/119408.aspx

(Good)Using Bower in WebStorm

http://blog.jetbrains.com/webstorm/2014/04/using-bower-in-webstorm/

js依赖管理的工具

http://bower.io

bower解决js的依赖管理

http://blog.fens.me/nodejs-bower-intro/

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