6.1 人体常用词汇:
6.1.1 头部(head):
forehead额头,temple太阳穴,hair头发,skull颅骨,头盖骨,bald head秃头,neck脖子,face脸,cheek脸颊,ear耳,ear drum耳膜,auditory canal耳道,eye眼,lid眼睑,eyebrow眉毛,eyelid睫毛,pupil瞳孔,iris虹膜,nose鼻子,nostril鼻孔,nasal cavity鼻腔,philtrum人中,mouth嘴,lip嘴唇,throat咽喉,tonsil扁桃腺,tooth牙齿,denture假齿,gum牙龈,crown齿冠,root/fang齿根,tongue舌头,`uvula小舌,tonsil扁桃体,vocal cord声带,chin下巴,jaw颚,mustache小胡子,beard山羊胡,whisker络腮胡,sidebums鬓角,wrinkle皱纹,mole痣,freckle 雀斑,dimple酒涡,pimple粉刺;
6.1.2 躯干(body):
nipple乳头,chest胸部,navel肚脐,abdomen腹部,shoulder肩,back背,waist腰,hip臀部,buttock屁股,collarbone 锁骨,rib肋骨,backbone脊骨,脊柱,breastbone胸骨,joint关节,pelvis 骨盆,sinew肌腱,muscle肌肉,bone骨,skeleton骨骼,blood vessel血管,vein静脉,artery动脉,capillary毛细血管,nerve神经,spinal marrow脊髓;
6.1.3 四肢(limb):
armpit腋下,arm手臂,elbow手肘,wrist手腕,hand手,handback手背,hand palm手掌,finger手指,thumb大拇指,forefinger/index finger食指,middle finger中指,ring finger无名指,little finger小指,nail指甲,fist拳头,leg腿,thigh大腿,shank小腿,knee膝,knee joint膝关节,kneecap膝盖,calf腿肚,ankle脚踝,foot足,instep脚背,sole脚掌,heel后跟,toe脚趾;
6.1.4. 内脏(viscera):
respiratory tract呼吸道,GI tract/alimentary canal消化道,trachea/windpipe气管,thyroid gland甲状腺,lymph node淋巴结,esophagus/gullet食管,lung肺,heart心脏,diaphragm隔膜,stomach胃,liver肝脏,gallbladder胆囊,duodenum十二指肠,appendix阑尾,small intestine小肠,large intestine大肠,colon结肠,rectum直肠,anus肛门,bladder膀胱,pancreas胰腺,spleen脾,kidney肾,urine尿道,ovary卵巢,womb子宫;
6.1.5 神经系统(Nervous system):
CNS(central nervous system)中枢神经系统,PNS(peripheral nervous system) 外周神经系统,brain脑,cerebrum大脑,cerebellum小脑,brainstem脑干,motor nerve运动神经,sensory nerve感觉神经;
6.1.6 分泌系统(endocrine system):
gland腺体,endocrine gland内分泌腺,pituitary gland脑垂体,hypothalamus下丘脑,adrenal gland肾上腺,sex gland性腺。
6.2 生物学常用词汇:
6.2.1 专用名词(Terminology):
tissue组织,organ器官,evolution进化, homeostasis稳态, kingdom界,phylum门,class纲,order目,family科,genus属,species种,prokaryotes原核细胞,eukaryotes真核细胞,structure结构,function功能,ecological system生态系统,environment环境,anatomy解剖学,bioengineering生物工程,bioinformatics生物信息学,biomedical research生物医药研究,biophysics生物物理,biotechnology生物技术,botany植物学,developmental biology发育生物学,genetics遗传学,microbiology微生物学,neuroscience神经科学,pathology病理学,physiology生理学,psychology心理学,zoology动物学;
6.2.2 细胞学(Cell biology):
organelle细胞器,centrosome中心体,membrane膜,plasma membrane细胞膜,cell wall细胞壁,chloroplast叶绿体,cilium纤毛,cytoplasm细胞质,cytoskeleton细胞骨架,rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum粗面/光面内质网,endosomes内体,golgi apparatus高尔基体,lipid bilayer脂质双分子层,lysosome溶酶体,microvilli微绒毛,mitochondrion线粒体,nucleus细胞核,peroxisome过氧化物酶体,ribosome核糖体,vacuole液泡,vesicle囊泡,growth生长,development发育,divide分化,proliferation增殖,replication复制,regeneration复生,specialization分化,migration迁移,cell death死亡,necrosis坏死,apoptosis凋亡,mitosis有丝分裂,meiosis减数分裂,cell cycle细胞周期,active/passive transport主动/被动运输,autophagy自噬,adhesion附着,cell signaling pathway细胞信号通路,transcription转录,translation翻译;cell culture细胞培养,immunostaining免疫染色,DNA microarray DNA阵列芯片,mutation突变,inheritance遗传,knockdown敲低,knockout敲除,PCR,transfection转染,cell fractionation细胞器分离,flow cytometry流式细胞仪,immunoprecipitation免疫沉淀,protein extraction蛋白质分离,intracellular胞内,endocytosis吞噬作用,photosynthesis光合作用,respiration呼吸作用;
6.2.3 生物化学(biochemistry):
metabolism代谢,macromolecule生物大分子,nucleic acid核酸,protein蛋白,carbohydrate碳水化合物,lipid脂质,fatty acid脂肪酸,amino acid氨基酸,nutrition营养,chromatography色谱分析法,X-ray diffraction X射线衍射,Dual polarisation interferometry双偏振干涉法,NMR spectroscopy核磁共振,radioisotopic labeling同位素标记,electron microscopy电子显微镜,molecular dynamics simulations分子动态模拟,enzyme酶,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)酶联免疫吸附测定, monosaccharide单糖,oligosaccharide寡糖,polysaccharide多糖,glucose葡萄糖,saccharose/sucrose蔗糖,fructose果糖,lactose乳糖,deoxyribose脱氧核糖,cellulose纤维素,glycogen糖原,sodium pyruvate丙酮酸钠,tricarboxylic acid cycle/Krebs cycle三羧酸循环,Adenosine TriPhosphate三磷酸腺苷,phospholipids磷脂,glycolipids糖脂,sphingolipids鞘磷脂,glycerol甘油,triglyceride甘油三脂,hydrophilic亲水的,hydrophobic疏水的,amphiphilic两亲的,cholesterol胆固醇,sterols固醇类,essential amino acid(isoleucine,leucine,lysine,methionine,phenylalanine,threonine,tryptophan,valine,arginine,histidine),nonessential amino acids(alanine,asparagine,aspartate,cysteine,glutamate,glutamine,glycine,proline,serine,tyrosine),primary structure一级结构,secondary structure二级结构,α-helix,β-sheet,tertiary structure三级结构,quaternary structure四级结构,deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),reverse反向,complementary互补,purine嘌呤,pyrimidine嘧啶,adenine腺嘌呤,guanine鸟嘌呤,cytosine胞嘧啶,thymine胸腺嘧啶,uracil尿嘧啶,second messenger第二信使,glycolysis糖酵解,acetyl-CoA乙酰辅酶A,gluconeogenesis糖异生,phosphorylation磷酸化作用,kinase激酶,hormone激素;
6.2.4 分子生物学(molecular biology):
molecular cloning分子克隆,polymerase聚合酶,plasmid质粒,antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性,promotor region启动子区域,transformation转化,electropho`resis电泳,Western blotting蛋白印迹,Southern blotting DNA印记,Northern blotting RNA印记,transgenic mice转基因小鼠,allele等位基因,agarose琼脂糖,polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺,buffer缓冲液,electrostatic force静电力,salt bridge盐键,Van der Waals force范德华力,subunit亚基,allosteric effect变构效应,covalent interaction共价作用,polar极性的,antigen抗原,antibody抗体,ligand配体,receptor受体,reversible可逆的,competitive竞争性的,regulation调节,asymmetry不对称;
6.3 药学常用词汇:
6.3.1 Terminology:
pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences药学,pharmaceutical chemistry 药物化学,pharmacology药理学,pharmacodynamics药效学,pharmaceutics制剂学,pharmacognosy生药学,toxicology毒理学,drug action药物作用,etiological treatment对因治疗,symptomatic treatment对症治疗,adverse reaction不良反应,side effect副作用,toxic reaction毒性反应,allergy reaction变态反应,agonist激动剂,antagonist拮抗剂,inhibitor抑制剂,efficacy效能,placebo安慰剂,potency效价,first pass effect首过效应,bioavailability生物利用度,half-life time半衰期,steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度,physical dependence躯体依赖性,psychic dependence精神依赖性,tolerance耐受性,resistance耐药性,additive附加剂,desiccant干燥剂,drug excretion药物排泄,drug absorption药物吸收,drug interaction药物相互作用,drug elimination药物消除,drug accumulation药物蓄积,carcinogenic test致癌实验,teratogenic test致畸实验,sensitization test致敏实验;
6.3.2 Dosage剂量:
average dose平均剂量,minimal/maximum dose最小/大有效量,daily dose日剂量,multiple dose多计量,divided dose分次剂量,overdose过量,fatal/lethal dose致死量,single dose单次剂量,indicated dose有效剂量,standard dose合适剂量,initial/beginning/starting dose首次剂量,suggested/recommended dose推荐剂量,maintenance dose维持量,therapeutic dose治疗剂量,usual/normal dose常用剂量,every…hours,intervals of…,once/twice a day,every other day,divided into…doses;
6.3.3 Object/target给药对象:
adolescents,infant,adult,male/female,newborns,children,debilitated patients(体弱患者),pregnant women,senile patient(老年患者);
6.3.4 Administration给药途径:
intra-arterially,oral/by mouth,intragluteally臀部注射,intramuscularly,intraperitoneally腹腔给药,intravenously静脉,intrapleurally胸腔,intraarticatar关节,intranasal鼻内,locally局部,subcutaneously皮下,sublingually舌下,submucously粘膜下,aerosol喷雾,per rectum直肠,by lumbar腰椎给药;
6.3.5 Preparation/formulation剂型:
aerosol/spray/inhaler气雾剂,ampoule针剂/安瓿,capsules胶囊,oral solution口服液,coated tablets包衣片,pill丸剂,cream乳膏,powder粉剂,retard capsules缓释胶囊,dragee糖衣丸,drops滴剂,emulsion乳剂,suppository栓剂,granule颗粒,suspension混悬液,injection针剂,liniment搽剂,syrup糖浆,liquid液剂,ointment药膏,mixture合剂,adjuvant佐剂;
6.4 常见疾病名:
6.4.1 Internal medicine内科:
acidosis酸中毒,alkalosis碱中毒,alcoholism /alcoholic intoxication酒精中毒,anaphylaxis过敏反应,anemia贫血,arteriosclerosis动脉硬化,apoplexy中风,auricular fibrillation心房纤颤,asthma哮喘,bronchitis支气管炎,pneumonia肺炎,carcinoma癌,cardiac arrhythmia心率紊乱,cardiac failure心衰,cardiomyopathy心肌症,cirrhosis肝硬化,diabetes糖尿病,dysentery痢疾,enteritis肠炎,gastric ulcer胃溃疡,gastritis胃炎,gout痛风,hepatitis肝炎,hyperipemia高脂血症,hypertension高血压,hyperthyroidism甲亢,hypoglycemia低血糖,influenza流感,leukemia白血病,lymphoma淋巴瘤,malaria疟疾,malnutrition营养不良,measles麻疹,nephritis肾炎,pancreatitis胰腺炎,renal failure肾衰,rheumatic fever风湿病,rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎,scarlet fever猩红热,septicemia败血症,syphilis梅毒,tumor肿瘤,ulcerative colitis溃疡性结肠炎,upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage上消化道出血;
6.4.2 Neurology神经科and psychiatry精神病学:
brain `abscess脑脓肿,cerebral embolism脑栓塞,cerebral infarction脑梗死,cerebral hemorrhage脑出血,concussion脑震荡,epilepsy癫痫,intracranial tumor颅内肿瘤,meningitis脑膜炎,migraine偏头疼,neurasthenia神经衰弱,neurosis神经官能症,Parkinson’s disease帕金森综合症,Alzheimer’s disease老年痴呆,psychosis精神病,schizophrenia精神分裂症,bipolar disorder躁郁症,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力不集中ADHD,delusion/hallucination幻觉;
6.4.3 Surgery外科:
acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎,acute diffuse peritonitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎,anal fissure/fistula肛裂/篓,anesthesia麻醉,angioma血管瘤,appendicitis阑尾炎,burn烧伤,colon carcinoma,esophagus carcimnoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,cholecystitis胆囊炎,cholelithiasis胆结石,joint dislocation关节脱臼,fracture骨折,haemorrhoid痔,prostate hypertrophy前列腺肿大,intestinal obstruction肠梗阻,lipoma脂肪瘤,lithangiuria尿路结石,liver abscess肝脓肿,osseous tuberculosis骨结核,osteroporosis骨质疏松症,osteosarcoma骨肉瘤,prostatitis前列腺炎,rectal polyp直肠息肉,spleen rapture脾破裂,tetanus破伤风,trauma创伤,urinary infection泌尿感染;
6.4.4 Pediatrics儿科:
acute necrotic enteritis急性坏死性结肠炎,ancylostomiasis钩虫病,ascariasis蛔虫病,newborn asphyxia新生儿窒息,atrial septal defect房间隔缺损,cephalhematoma头颅血肿,cerebral palsy脑瘫,convulsion惊厥,Down’s syndrome唐氏综合症,hemophilia血友病,infantile diarrhea婴儿腹泻,intussusception肠套叠,neonatal jaundice新生儿黄疸,poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎,premature infant早产,progressive muscular dystrophy进行性肌肉营养不良,rickets佝偻病,newborn sepsis新生儿败血症,thrush真菌性口炎,varicella水痘;
6.4.5 Gynaecology and Obstetrics妇产科:
aborion流产,dystocia难产,eclampsia子痫,infertility不育症,irregular menstruation月经失调,pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎,pregnancy-hypertension syndrome妊娠高血压,postpartum hemorrhage产后出血;
6.4.6 Ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology眼及耳鼻喉科:
amblyopia弱视,astigmatism散光,cataract白内障,color blindness色盲,glaucoma青光眼,hyperopia远视,myopia近视,heterotropia斜视,iritis虹膜炎,keratitis角膜炎,chalazion麦粒肿,tonsillitis扁桃体炎,tinnitus耳鸣,deafness耳聋,labyrinthitis内耳炎,otitis media中耳炎,pharyngitis咽炎,rhinitis鼻炎;
6.5 常见药品名:
6.5.1 Anti-infective drugs抗菌药:
Bensylpenicillin / Penicillin G青霉素/青霉素G,Amoxicillin阿莫西林,Cefalexin/Cephalexin/Keflex先锋IV,Amikacin阿米卡星,Gentamycin庆大霉素,Streptomycin链霉素,Erythromycin红霉素,Roxithromycin罗红霉素,Acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素,Tetracycline四环素,Oxytetracycline土霉素,Chloramphenicol氯霉素,Sulfadiazine磺胺嘧啶,Trimethoprim加氧苄啶,Furazolidone呋喃唑酮,Norfloxacin诺氟沙星,Ofloxacin氧氟沙星,Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星,Metronidazole甲硝唑,Aciclovir阿昔洛韦,Moroxydine吗啉胍;
6.5.2 Anti-malarial drugs抗疟药:
Chloroquine氯喹,Nitroquine硝喹,Quinine奎宁/金鸡纳霜,Artemisinin青蒿素,Pyrimethamine乙胺嘧啶;
6.5.3 Anthelmintic drugs祛肠虫药:
iperazine哌嗪/祛蛔灵,Pyrantel噻嘧啶/抗虫灵,Albendazole阿苯达唑;
6.5.4 Antipyretic/anagesics解热镇痛药:
Aspirin/Acetylsalicyclic Acid阿司匹林/乙酰水杨酸,Paracetamol/Acetaminophen扑热息痛/对乙酰氨基酚,Ibuprofen布洛芬,Ketoprofen酮洛芬,Pethidine/Dolantin哌替啶/杜冷丁,Morphine吗啡;
6.5.5 Cardiovascular system drugs心血管系统药:
Losartan氯沙坦,Valsartan缬沙坦,Nifedipine硝苯地平,verapamil维拉帕米,Nicardipine尼卡地平,Propranolol普萘洛尔,Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油,Lovastatin洛伐他丁,Colestipol降胆宁,Nicotinic acid烟酸,Eicosapentaenoic acid二十碳五烯酸EPA,docosahexaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸DHA,Linoleic acid亚油酸,
6.5.6 Respiratory system drugs呼吸系统药:
Codeine/Methylmorphine可待因/甲基吗啡,Pentoxyverine/Carbetapentane喷托维林/咳必清,Dioxopromethazine二氧丙嗪;Ephedrine麻黄碱,dextromethorphan右美沙芬,Bromhexine溴己新,Ambroxol氨溴索,
6.5.7 Digestive system drugs消化系统药:
Domperidone/Motiliun吗丁啉,Compound bismuth aluminate胃必治,Cimetidine西咪替丁,Weisen-U胃仙U,Belladonna颠茄,Methylatropine Bromide溴甲阿托品/胃疡平,Metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺;
6.5.8 Surgical medicine外科用药:
Alcohol乙醇,Sodium benzoate苯甲酸钠,Iodine碘,Hydrogen peroxide双氧水,Potassium Permanganate高锰酸钾;Procaine普鲁卡因,Lidocaine利多卡因,Isoflurane异氟烷,Nitrous oxide氧化亚氮,Ketamine氯胺酮,Sodium oxybate羟丁酸钠,Thiopental sodium硫喷妥钠,Propofol丙泊酚;
6.5.9 Dermatologic drugs皮肤科用药:
Fluocinolone acetonide肤轻松,Clotrimazole克霉唑,Miconazole达克宁;
6.5.10. Biologicals抗体药:
Diphtheria antitoxin白喉抗毒素,Tetanus antitoxin破伤风抗毒素,Rabies antiserum抗狂犬病血清;
6.6 化学常用词汇
6.6.1 元素名(Chemical elements):
Hydrogen氢,Helium氦,Lithium锂,Beryllium铍,Boron硼,Carbon碳,Nitrogen氮,Oxygen氧,Fluorine氟,Neon氖,Sodium钠,Magnesium镁,Aluminium铝,Silicon硅,Phosphorus磷,Sulfur硫,Chlorine氯,Argon氩,Potassium钾,Calcium钙,Iron铁,Nickel镍,Copper铜,Zinc锌,Bromine溴,Silver银,Tin锡,Iodine碘,Platinum铂,Gold金,Mercury汞,Lead铅,Periodic table元素周期表
6.6.2 化合物(Compounds):
Hydrogen chloride氯化氢,Carbon monoxide/dioxide一/二氧化碳,Acid酸,Alkali碱,Salt盐,Oxide氧化物,Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠,Sulfuric acid硫酸,Nitric acid硝酸,Phosphoric acid磷酸,Carbonic acid碳酸,Sodium chloride氯化钠,Perchloric acid高氯酸,Chloric acid氯酸,Chlorous acid亚氯酸,hypochlorous acid次氯酸,Sodium carbonate碳酸钠,Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠,Potassium sulfate硫酸钾,Calcium nitrate硝酸钾,water水,hydrogen peroxide双氧水,
6.6.3 有机化合物(Organic compounds):
iso-异,neo-新,cis-顺,trans-反,pri-伯,sec-仲,tert-叔,ortho-邻,meta-间,para-对,-ane…烷,-ene…烯,-yne/ine…炔,methane甲烷,ethene乙烯,butene丁烯,butadiene丁二烯,butatriene丁三烯,ethyne乙炔,butyne丁炔,hexadiyne己二炔,cyclohexane环己烷,methyl甲基,ethyl乙基,propyl丙基,3-methyl-1-butene3-甲基-1-丁烯,benzene苯,1,3,5-trimethylbenzene1,3,5-三甲苯,chlorobenzene氯苯,nitrobenzene硝基苯,phenol苯酚,aniline苯胺,methanol甲醇,ethanol乙醇,glycerin/propanetriol甘油/丙三醇,1,4-benzenediol 1,4-苯二酚,diethyl ether乙醚,ethyl methyl ether甲乙醚,1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷,methanal甲醛,ethanal乙醛,propanone/dimethyl ketone丙酮/二甲基酮,cyclohenanone环己酮,acetic acid醋酸,benzoic acid苯甲酸,formic acid甲酸,dodecanoic acid十二酸,octadecanoic acid十八酸,oxalic acid草酸,methyl ethanoate/acetate乙酸甲酯,ethyle propanoate丙酸甲酯,butyl benzoate苯甲酸丁酯,ethylamine乙胺,dimethylamine二甲胺,methylpentanenitrile甲基戊腈
6.6.3 有机烷烃(Alkanes):
methane甲烷,ethane乙烷,propane丙烷,butane丁烷,pentane戊烷,hexane己烷,heptane庚烷,octane辛烷,nonane九烷,decane十烷,undecane十一烷,dodecane十二烷,tridecane十三烷,tetradecane十四烷,pentadecane十五烷,hexadecane十六烷,heptadecane十七烷,octadecane十八烷,nonadecane十九烷,icosane二十烷,heneicosane二十一烷,docosane二十二烷,tricosane二十三烷,tetracosane二十四烷,pentacosane二十五烷,hexacosane二十六烷,heptacosane二十七烷,octacosane二十八烷,nanocosane二十九烷,triacontane三十烷,tetracontane四十烷,pentacontane五十烷,hexacontane六十烷,heptacontane七十烷,octacontane八十烷,nonacontane九十烷
6.6.4 有机取代基(Functional groups):
carboxy羧基,sulfo-磺酸基,R-oxycarbonyl烃氧羰基,halo carbonyl卤甲酰基,carbamoyl氨甲酰基,cyano-氰基,formyl甲酰基,hydroxy-羟基,amino-氨基,R-oxy羟氧基,halo-卤代,fluoro-氟代,chloro-氯代,bromo-溴代,iodo-碘带,nitro-硝基,nitroso-亚硝基,-carboxylic acid/-oic acid酸,-sulfonic acid磺酸,R-oate/R-carboxylate酯,-oyl halide酰卤,-amide酰胺,-nitrile腈,-al醛,-one酮,-ol醇酚,-amine胺,-ether醚。