CS 116 Winter 2021 Assignment 09Due Monday December 2nd at 10:00am (no late submissions)Assignment Guidelines:• This assignment covers material up to Module 10.• Submission details:– Solutions to these questions must be placed in files a09q1.py a09q2.py and a09q3.py andmust be completed using Python 3.– Download the interface file from the course Web page to ensure that all function names arespelled correctly and each function has the correct number and order of parameters.– All solutions must be submitted to MarkUs. No solutions will be accepted through email, evenif you are having issues with MarkUs.– Verify using MarkUs and your basic test results that your files were properly submitted and arereadable on MarkUs.– For full style marks, your program must follow the Python section of the CS116 Style Guide.– Be sure to review the Academic Integrity policy on the Assignments page– Helper functions need design recipe elements but not examples and tests.• Download the testing module from the course web page. Include import check in each solutionfile.– When a function produces a floating point value, you must use check.within for your testing.Unless told otherwise, you may use a tolerance of 0:00001 in your tests.– Test data for all questions will always meet the stated assumptions for consumed values.• Restrictions:– Do not import any modules other than math and check.– You are always allowed to define your own helper functions, as long as they meet the assignmentrestrictions. Do not use Python constructs not discussed in this course(e.g. zip, anything withsets or enumerators, list comprehension, commands continue or break, with, etc.). Useonly the functions and methods as follows:∗ abs, len, max, min, sum, range, sorted, ord and chr∗ Any method or constant in the math module∗ Type casting including int(), str(), float(), bool(), list(), dict()∗ The command type()∗ Any basic arithmetic operation (including +, -, *, /, //, %, **)∗ String or list slicing and indexing as well as string or list operations using the operatorsabove∗ Any string or list methods.∗ input and print as well as the formatting parameter end and method format. Notethat all prompts must match exactly in order to obtain marks so ensure that you do notalter these prompts.∗ Abstract list functions map and filter. Recursion is also permitted.∗ Loops, specifically for and while loops.∗ Dictionaries, classes and methods.∗ File IO commands. Specifically, the commands open and methods close, readline,readlines, write, writelines– While you may use global constants in your solutions, do not use global variables for anythingother than testing.– Read each question carefully for additional restrictions.– The solutions you submit must be entirely your own work. Do not look up either fullor partial solutions on the Internet or in printed sources.– Reminder: This assignment is worth twice as much as other assignments and cannot bedropped.1CS 116 Winter 2021 Assignment 09Due Monday December 2nd at 10:00am (no late submissions)Design RecipeFor this assignment, we will not expect you to include examples or tests in any of the problems. Howeverwe strongly urge you to test your code! Feel free to create your own tests and use some of the publiclyavailable tests we have provided to help ensure your code is correct.SteganographySteganography is the practice of hiding information in other forms of data. In this multi-part problem,you will learn about a simple picture file format called “Plain PPM” or “Plain Portable Pixel Map”. This fileformat is an uncompressed format that is easy to read as file input and interpret. You will be asked to readin these picture files and modify them to hide secret images and messages. These files can be opened as textfiles by right clicking them and opening them in a basic text editor (like Notepad or TextEdit). Previewer orGIMP (or File Viewer Plus 3) should be able to open the file as an image file if you want to see the picture.If you are having problems viewing the pictures, let us know. The idea we will use is as follows.A picture consist of an array/matrix/list of pixels. Pixels are triples of natural numbers. These valuesrepresent how much Red, Green and Blue (RGB) this particular pixel has. We will denote pixels by threespace-separated natural numbers between 0 and 255 (similar to how is done in the ppm format). As anexample, consider 255 100 0 as having a lot of red (255), a little green (100) and no blue (0). What we’regoing to do is hide messages by using very small alterations to the blue component.It turns out our eye is not able to detect many subtle differences in colours. The pixels represented by255 255 255 (which is white) and 255 255 254 (which is “almost white”) are practically indistinguishableby a human. However, computers only process data and these two pixels are not mathematically equivalentso where our eye fails to recognize the difference, a computer can.We’re going to encode (hide) black and white images and later text messages using this “human flaw”above. To encode a black and white image, we need to first have an original image we would like to useto hide our black and white image in of the same size (note a black and white image can only have pixels0 0 0 and 255 255 255). We will take the original image and make sure every blue component is divisibleby 2. For each blue component in the original picture, if the blue component was divisible by 2, we leave italone. Otherwise, we subtract 1 from it making it even. Let’s call this the zeroed out image.Now, look at the black and white secret image we want to encode. This image must have the samesize as the original image we are trying to hide our secret image in. This gives us a correspondence of pixelsfor the two images. We hide the secret image as follows: If the pixel in the secret image is white (that is,corresponds to 255, 255, 255), add 1 to the blue component in the zeroed out image. Otherwise leave thezeroed out blue component untouched. In this way we hide the information in the black and white imageby using the altered blue component in the original image. Decoding an encoded black and white image isdone by reversing the above operation.Next, we discuss how to encode a text message in an image. To do this, we first present an aside tobinary numbers. What the above is really doing is much clearer when we think of a number in binary. Weare accustomed to our base 10 representation where we have the digits from 0 to 9 and we have placeholders for the tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on. What if we only had 2 digits, namely 0 and 1? Theseare referred to as bits, short for binary digit. We would not have a ones, tens, and hundreds and othercolumns anymore, we would have a ones, twos, fours, eights, and so on in this manner. In this way wecould interpret binary numbers as decimal numbers. As an example, consider the number (10011001)2 (thesubscript denotes we’re thinking of the number as a binary number and not as a decimal number). Thiswould be and we can add these values up to get the equivalent decimal number(1)27 + (0)26 + (0)25 + (1)24 CS 116代做、Python编程设计调试、Python代写+ (1)23 + (0)22 + (0)21 + (1)20 = 128 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 153:2CS 116 Winter 2021 Assignment 09Due Monday December 2nd at 10:00am (no late submissions)When we make the blue component divisible by 2 in the way described above, we are actually making thelast bit 0. When we add one to the component, we make the last bit 1. In the above, when we encode oursecret image, think of black pixels as being 0 and white pixels as being 1.We can convert to and from 8 bit binary using the command format(n,08b) to convert a naturalnumber n that corresponds to a decimal number to an 8 bit binary number (as a string) and the commandint(s, 2) to convert a binary number that is stored as a string s to a decimal number.Using the binary interpretation above, we can also encode text messages in images in a similar way. Again,zero out the original image so that the last bits in every blue component are 0. Then, take a character,say a and convert it using the ord command giving you 97. Writing 97 in binary using 8 bits and thecommands above givesHow can we use the above then to encode a text message into an image? Suppose we want to encodethe character a. Get the binary encoding as described above. Then, in eight consecutive blue components,take the numbers 0; 1; 1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1 and add them to the eight blue components in order. For longer strings,continue this way for each character until you have encoded an entire string! When decoding, you havereached the end of the string if you decode from the image but get the binary number 0 which is our nullcharacter (and there is no corresponding displayable character for the null character). The reason for using8 bits is related to the ASCII encoding of a character which is left as additional reading for the interestedreader. For the purposes of this problem, you may assume that the message will always fit into the picturewith room for our final 8 bits of 0 to indicate the end.The PPM File FormatA Plain PPM File consists of the following specifications1:• A “magic number” for identifying the file type. For us, this will be “P3” (and yes, we are aware ofthe irony that the magic number is actually a string and not a number!)• A newline character.• A width, as a natural number (in base 10) followed by a single whitespace followed by a height,again as a natural number (in base 10).• A newline character.• The maximum colour value maxval, again as a natural number. Must be less than 65536 and morethan zero. For us, we will always use 255.• A newline character.• There are then a total of height lines of pixels, each of which has 3 * width of natural numbers.Every three numbers represents the colour of one pixel in the current line. Each of these lines endsin a single newline character and each number is separated by a single space. Each of the numberis between 0 and maxval.There will be some sample pictures posted with this assignment that we encourage you to open (as a textfile) to better clarify the above format. Please note that solving problems relating to a09q1.py will be vitalfor ensuring that the other two problems work correctly.1The actual specifications are a bit more general than these but you may assume our tests will always follow this format3CS 116 Winter 2021 Assignment 09Due Monday December 2nd at 10:00am (no late submissions)1 PPM Class Part 1 in a09q1.pyIn your starter file, you are given the following class definition:class PPM :def __init__ ( self , file_name ) :Fields : magic_number ( Str ) , width ( Nat ) , height ( Nat ) ,maxval ( Nat ) , image ( listof Nat )requires : 0 0 # YOUR CODE GOES HEREpassdef __eq__ ( self , other ) :Returns true if and only if self and other have the same fieldsreturn isinstance ( other , PPM ) and \self . magic_number == other . magic_number and \self . width == other . width and \self . height == other . height and \self . maxval == other . maxval and \self . image == other . imagedef __repr__ ( self ) :Returns a string of the imagereturn Dimensions : ({0. width } , {0. height }) \ nImage : {0. image } .format ( self )Complete the initialization method above. It will consume a self object and a file_name of a valid ppmfile in the current folder and initializes the fields of the PPM class object to be the values as specified in thefile format given the file at file_name. You may assume the file exists.2 PPM Class Part 2 in a09q1.pyWrite the PPM class methodzero_out(self)which consumes self, return None and mutates self.image so that every third entry (starting with thethird value; the blue components) is divisible by 2 by performing the following. If the number was alreadydivisible by 2, leave it alone. If the number was not divisible by 2, then subtract 1 from it.3 Encoding an Image in a09q2.pyIn the next four sections, you will no longer write class methods but rather functions. In each of the nextfour parts, you should be importing the PPM class from a09q1.py to use with the commandfrom a09q1 import PPMNote that this is similar to how the check module was imported (but allows us to forgo typing a09q1.PPMand we can instead type PPM when we need to use this class). Write the function4CS 116 Winter 2021 Assignment 09Due Monday December 2nd at 10:00am (no late submissions)encode_img(file_name, file_name_secret, file_name_out)which consumes three file names as strings; the first two corresponding to existing .ppm files in file_name(any picture) and file_name_secret (your black and white image you wish to hide) which your functionshould load using the PPM class above. The function also consumes a destination file name in the stringfile_name_out. Your function should encode the secret image in the original image file and then create a.ppm file at the destination given by file_name_out in the proper format as described above. The functionshould return None. You may assume that the height and width of the corresponding .ppm files are thesame.4 Decode an Image in a09q2.pyWrite the functiondecode_img(file_name, file_name_out)which consumes a .ppm file name in the string file_name that was encoded using the algorithm above,load this file using the PPM class, decodes the secret black and white image and saves it to the .ppm filewith file name as specified by the string file_name_out. The function should return None.5 Encode a Message in a09q3.pyWrite the functionencode_msg(file_name, msg, file_name_out)which consumes a string file_name corresponding to an existing .ppm file which should be opened usingthe PPM class methods and a string msg to be encoded. It then encodes the message into the picture asdescribed above and saves this image as a .ppm file with name file_name_out. The function should returnNone.6 Decode a Message in a09q3.pyWrite the functiondecode_msg(file_name)which consumes a .ppm file in the string file_name that was encoded using the algorithm above, opensthis using the PPM class, decodes the hidden message and returns this string.5转自：http://www.6daixie.com/contents/3/4463.html
