一.Hibernate简介
Hibernate 将 Java 类映射到数据库表中，从 Java 数据类型中映射到 SQL 数据类型中，并把开发人员从 95% 的公共数据持续性编程工作中解放出来。
二.Hibernate架构
配置对象
1.SessionFactory 对象
配置对象被用于创造一个 SessionFactory 对象，使用提供的配置文件为应用程序依次配置 Hibernate，并允许实例化一个会话对象。SessionFactory 是一个线程安全对象并由应用程序所有的线程所使用。
SessionFactory 是一个重量级对象所以通常它都是在应用程序启动时创造然后留存为以后使用。每个数据库需要一个 SessionFactory 对象使用一个单独的配置文件。所以如果你使用多种数据库那么你要创造多种 SessionFactory 对象。
2.Session 对象
一个会话被用于与数据库的物理连接。Session 对象是轻量级的，并被设计为每次实例化都需要与数据库的交互。持久对象通过 Session 对象保存和检索。
Session 对象不应该长时间保持开启状态因为它们通常情况下并非线程安全，并且它们应该按照所需创造和销毁。
3.Transaction 对象
一个事务代表了与数据库工作的一个单元并且大部分 RDBMS 支持事务功能。在 Hibernate 中事务由底层事务管理器和事务（来自 JDBC 或者 JTA）处理。
这是一个选择性对象，Hibernate 应用程序可能不选择使用这个接口，而是在自己应用程序代码中管理事务。
4.Query 对象
Query 对象使用 SQL 或者 Hibernate 查询语言（HQL）字符串在数据库中来检索数据并创造对象。一个查询的实例被用于连结查询参数，限制由查询返回的结果数量，并最终执行查询。
5.Criteria 对象
Criteria 对象被用于创造和执行面向规则查询的对象来检索对象。
三.Hibernate 映射文件
1.实体类
public class Employee { private int id; private String firstName; private String lastName; private int salary; public Employee() {} public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) { this.firstName = fname; this.lastName = lname; this.salary = salary; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName( String first_name ) { this.firstName = first_name; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName( String last_name ) { this.lastName = last_name; } public int getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary( int salary ) { this.salary = salary; } }
2.表结构
create table EMPLOYEE (
id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
salary INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
3.映射文件
xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the employee detail.
meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
id>
<property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
<property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
class>
hibernate-mapping>
四.Hibernate注释
Hibernate 注释是无需使用 XML 文件来定义映射的最新方法。你可以额外使用注释或直接代替 XML 映射元数据。
1.表
create table EMPLOYEE (
id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
salary INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
2.实体类
import javax.persistence.*;
@Entity
@Table(name = "EMPLOYEE")
public class Employee {
@Id @GeneratedValue
@Column(name = "id")
private int id;
@Column(name = "first_name")
private String firstName;
@Column(name = "last_name")
private String lastName;
@Column(name = "salary")
private int salary;
public Employee() {}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
五.Hibernate 查询语言(HQL)
1.FROM 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list();
2.AS 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee AS E"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list();
3.SELECT 语句
String hql = "SELECT E.firstName FROM Employee E"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list();
4.WHERE 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = 10"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list();
5.ORDER BY 语句
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 ORDER BY E.salary DESC"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); List results = query.list();
6.GROUP BY 语句
String hql = "SELECT SUM(E.salary), E.firtName FROM Employee E " +
"GROUP BY E.firstName";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
List results = query.list();
7.使用命名参数
String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = :employee_id"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setParameter("employee_id",10); List results = query.list();
8.UPDATE 语句
String hql = "UPDATE Employee set salary = :salary " +
"WHERE id = :employee_id";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setParameter("salary", 1000);
query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
9.DELETE 语句
String hql = "DELETE FROM Employee " +
"WHERE id = :employee_id";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
10.INSERT 语句
String hql = "INSERT INTO Employee(firstName, lastName, salary)" +
"SELECT firstName, lastName, salary FROM old_employee";
Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
int result = query.executeUpdate();
System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
11.聚合方法
12.使用分页查询
String hql = "FROM Employee"; Query query = session.createQuery(hql); query.setFirstResult(1); query.setMaxResults(10); List results = query.list();
六.Hibernate 标准查询
1.标准查询
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); List results = cr.list();
2.对标准的限制
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); cr.add(Restrictions.eq("salary", 2000)); List results = cr.list();
3.以下是几个例子
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // To get records having salary more than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000)); // To get records having salary less than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.lt("salary", 2000)); // To get records having fistName starting with zara cr.add(Restrictions.like("firstName", "zara%")); // Case sensitive form of the above restriction. cr.add(Restrictions.ilike("firstName", "zara%")); // To get records having salary in between 1000 and 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.between("salary", 1000, 2000)); // To check if the given property is null cr.add(Restrictions.isNull("salary")); // To check if the given property is not null cr.add(Restrictions.isNotNull("salary")); // To check if the given property is empty cr.add(Restrictions.isEmpty("salary")); // To check if the given property is not empty cr.add(Restrictions.isNotEmpty("salary"));
4.你可以模仿以下示例，使用逻辑表达式创建 AND 或 OR 的条件组合：
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); Criterion salary = Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000); Criterion name = Restrictions.ilike("firstNname","zara%"); // To get records matching with OR condistions LogicalExpression orExp = Restrictions.or(salary, name); cr.add( orExp ); // To get records matching with AND condistions LogicalExpression andExp = Restrictions.and(salary, name); cr.add( andExp ); List results = cr.list();
5.分页使用标准
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); cr.setFirstResult(1); cr.setMaxResults(10); List results = cr.list();
6.排序结果
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // To get records having salary more than 2000 cr.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000)); // To sort records in descening order crit.addOrder(Order.desc("salary")); // To sort records in ascending order crit.addOrder(Order.asc("salary")); List results = cr.list();
7.预测与聚合
Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class); // To get total row count. cr.setProjection(Projections.rowCount()); // To get average of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.avg("salary")); // To get distinct count of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.countDistinct("firstName")); // To get maximum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.max("salary")); // To get minimum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.min("salary")); // To get sum of a property. cr.setProjection(Projections.sum("salary"));
七.Hibernate 原生 SQL
1.标量查询
String sql = "SELECT first_name, salary FROM EMPLOYEE"; SQLQuery query = session.createSQLQuery(sql); query.setResultTransformer(Criteria.ALIAS_TO_ENTITY_MAP); List results = query.list();
2.实体查询
String sql = "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE"; SQLQuery query = session.createSQLQuery(sql); query.addEntity(Employee.class); List results = query.list();
3.指定 SQL 查询
String sql = "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE id = :employee_id"; SQLQuery query = session.createSQLQuery(sql); query.addEntity(Employee.class); query.setParameter("employee_id", 10); List results = query.list();