《C嵌入式编程设计模式》
Bruce Powel Douglass著
刘旭东译
标签: 读书笔记 嵌入式开发
实时系统,”实时”并不意味着很快。
减少使用硬件的需求
性能:吞吐量
可靠性:衡量系统正确完成功能的可能性
健壮性:违反先决条件下仍能提供相应服务的能力
安全性:系统的风险水平,可能会造成那些意外或者损失
交叉编译器:在主机上运行,开发的可执行代码在不同环境中运行
连接器
载入程序
调试器工具集
以上集成到IDE中
中间件是一种使用某种方法将软件组件连接的软件
结构化编程:一方面,函数和过程形成基本的编程基础;另一方面是数据结构的概念。
面向对象编程:基于正交范式。面向对象编程仅有基于类概念的一个分类标准。类将数据(存储为属性)和在数据上的操作的过程(称为操作)组合到一起。对象是类的实例。
像C一样的结构化语言能够完成面向对象的编程么?可以。
如何实现?接着往下看。
类仅是一个C语言的结构体,但特殊之处是包含两种不同的特性:数据(属性)和行为(操作)。
最简单的实现类的方法是简单使用文件作为封装边界;公共变量和方法在头文件中课件,而在实现文件中包含方法体、私有变量和方法。
一个更为灵活的方式是使用文件内的结构体来表示类。类的操作用位于相同文件内的结构体的函数定义。
这允许我们拥有同一个类的多个实例,并且保证成员函数在正确的数据拷贝上工作。此外,类可以赋予“特殊”的操作。构造函数创建类的一个对象。初始化程序(可选择)初始化对象和它的属性。析构函数销毁类并释放已使用的内存。
代码1-1 sensor.h
#ifndef SENSOR_H
#define SENDOR_H
typedef struct sensor
{
int filterFrequency;
int updateFrequency;
int value;
char whatKindOfInterface;
}SENSOR;
int Sensor_getFilterFrequency(const SENSOR* const me);
void Sensor_setFilterFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_filterFrequency);
int Sensor_getUpdateFrequency(const SENSOR* const me);
void Sensor_setUpdateFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_updateFrequency);
int Sensor_getValue(const SENSOR* const me);
//int acquireValue(SENSOR* me);
SENSOR* Sensor_create(void);
void Sensor_Destroy(Sensor* const me);
#endif
代码1-2 sensor.c
#include "sensor.h"
void Sensor_Init(SENSOR* const me){
}
void Sensor_Cleanup(SENSOR* const me){
}
int Sensor_getFilterFrequency(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->filterFrequency;
}
void Sensor_setFilterFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_filterFrequency){
me->filterFrequency=p_filterFrequency;
}
int Sensor_getUpdateFrequency(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->updateFrequency;
}
void Sensor_setUpdateFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_updateFrequency){
me->updateFrequency=p_updateFrequency;
}
int Sensor_getValue(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->value;
}
/*
int acquireValue(SENSOR* me){
int *r, *w;
int j;
switch(me->whatKindOfInterface)
{
case MEMPRYMAPPED:
w=(int*)WRITEADDR; //Address to write to sensor
*w=WRITEMASK; //sensor command to force a read
for (j = 0; j < count; j++)
{
// wait loop
}
r=(int*)READADDR; //Address to returned value
me->value=r;
break;
case PORTMAPPED:
me->value=inp(SENSORPORT);
//inp() is a compliler-specific port function
break;
}
return me->value;
}
*/
SENSOR* Sensor_create(void){
SENSOR* me=(SENSOR*)malloc(sizeof(SENSOR));
if (me != NULL)
{
Sensor_Init(me);
}
return me;
}
void Sensor_Destroy(SENSOR* const me){
if (me != NULL)
{
Sensor_Cleanup(me);
}
free(me);
}
对象是类的实例。
代码1-3 main.c
#include "sensor.h"
#include
#include
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
SENSOR *p_sensor0, *p_sensor1;
p_sensor0=Sensor_create();
p_sensor1=Sensor_create();
p_sensor0->value=99;
p_sensor1->value=-1;
printf("The current value from sensor0 is %d\n",
Sensor_getValue(p_sensor0));
printf("The current value from sensor1 is %d\n",
Sensor_getValue(p_sensor1));
Sensor_Destroy(p_sensor0);
Sensor_Destroy(p_sensor1);
return 0;
}
多态允许相同函数名在一种上下文中完成一种功能,在另一种上下文中完成另一种功能。
在C语言中,标准的做法是使用选择语句if或者switch。当出现多种上下文时,不方便;此外在最开始编写时就要知道所有可能的上下文,或者提供修改功能。
代码修改 1-1 sensor.h
#ifndef SENSOR_H
#define SENDOR_H
typedef struct sensor
{
int filterFrequency;
int updateFrequency;
int value;
char whatKindOfInterface;
}SENSOR;
int Sensor_getFilterFrequency(const SENSOR* const me);
void Sensor_setFilterFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_filterFrequency);
int Sensor_getUpdateFrequency(const SENSOR* const me);
void Sensor_setUpdateFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_updateFrequency);
//int Sensor_getValue(const SENSOR* const me);
int acquireValue(SENSOR* me);
SENSOR* Sensor_create(void);
void Sensor_Destroy(Sensor* const me);
#endif
代码修改 1-2 sensor.c
#include "sensor.h"
void Sensor_Init(SENSOR* const me){
}
void Sensor_Cleanup(SENSOR* const me){
}
int Sensor_getFilterFrequency(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->filterFrequency;
}
void Sensor_setFilterFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_filterFrequency){
me->filterFrequency=p_filterFrequency;
}
int Sensor_getUpdateFrequency(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->updateFrequency;
}
void Sensor_setUpdateFrequency(SENSOR* const me, int p_updateFrequency){
me->updateFrequency=p_updateFrequency;
}
/*
int Sensor_getValue(const SENSOR* const me){
return me->value;
}
*/
int acquireValue(SENSOR* me){
int *r, *w;
int j;
switch(me->whatKindOfInterface)
{
case MEMPRYMAPPED:
w=(int*)WRITEADDR; //Address to write to sensor
*w=WRITEMASK; //sensor command to force a read
for (j = 0; j < count; j++)
{
/* wait loop */
}
r=(int*)READADDR; //Address to returned value
me->value=r;
break;
case PORTMAPPED:
me->value=inp(SENSORPORT);
//inp() is a compliler-specific port function
break;
}
return me->value;
}
SENSOR* Sensor_create(void){
SENSOR* me=(SENSOR*)malloc(sizeof(SENSOR));
if (me != NULL)
{
Sensor_Init(me);
}
return me;
}
void Sensor_Destroy(SENSOR* const me){
if (me != NULL)
{
Sensor_Cleanup(me);
}
free(me);
}
子类化(也被称为泛化或者继承),能够重用设计或代码。
代码 1-4 queue.h
#ifndef QUEUE_H
#define QUEUE_H
#define QUEUE_SIZE 10
typedef struct queue
{
int buffer[QUEUE_SIZE];
int head;
int size;
int tail;
int (*isFull)(struct queue* const me);
int (*isEmpty)(struct queue* const me);
int (*getSize)(struct queue* const me);
void (*insert)(struct queue* const me, int k);
int (*remove)(struct queue* const me);
}QUEUE;
void Queue_Init(QUEUE* me, int (*isFullFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
int (*isEmptyFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
int (*getSizeFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
void (*insertFunction)(QUEUE* const me, int k),
int (*removeFunction)(QUEUE* const me));
void Queue_Cleanup(QUEUE* const me);
int Queue_isFull(QUEUE* const me);
int Queue_isEmpty(QUEUE* const me);
int Queue_getSize(QUEUE* const me);
void Queue_insert(QUEUE* const me, int k);
int Queue_remove(QUEUE* const me);
QUEUE* Queue_Create(void);
void Queue_Destroy(QUEUE* const me);
#endif
代码 1-5 queue.c
#include
#include
#include "queue.h"
void Queue_Init(QUEUE* me, int (*isFullFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
int (*isEmptyFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
int (*getSizeFunction)(QUEUE* const me),
void (*insertFunction)(QUEUE* const me, int k),
int (*removeFunction)(QUEUE* const me)){
me->head=0;
me->tail=0;
me->size=0;
me->isFull=isFullFunction;
me->isEmpty=isEmptyFunction;
me->getSize=getSizeFunction;
me->insert=insertFunction;
me->remove=removeFunction;
}
void Queue_Cleanup(QUEUE* const me){
}
int Queue_isFull(QUEUE* const me){
return (me->head+1)%QUEUE_SIZE==me->tail;
}
int Queue_isEmpty(QUEUE* const me){
return me->head==me->tail;
}
int Queue_getSize(QUEUE* const me){
return me->size;
}
void Queue_insert(QUEUE* const me, int k){
if (!me->isFull(me))
{
me->buffer[me->head]=k;
me->head=(me->head+1)%QUEUE_SIZE;
++me->size;
}
}
int Queue_remove(QUEUE* const me){
int value=-9999;
if(!me->isEmpty(me))
{
value=me->buffer[me->tail];
me->tail=(me->tail+1)%QUEUE_SIZE;
--me->size;
}
return value;
}
QUEUE* Queue_Create(void){
QUEUE* me=(QUEUE*)malloc(sizeof(QUEUE));
if (me!=NULL)
{
Queue_Init(me,Queue_isFull,Queue_isEmpty,Queue_getSize,
Queue_insert,Queue_remove);
}
return me;
}
void Queue_Destroy(QUEUE* const me){
if (me!=NULL)
{
Queue_Cleanup(me);
}
free(me);
}
代码 1-6 test_queue.c
#include "queue.h"
#include
#include
int main(void)
{
int j,k,h,t;
QUEUE* myQ;
myQ=Queue_Create();
k=1000;
for (j = 0; jhead;
myQ->insert(myQ, k);
printf("inserting %d at position %d, size=%d\n", k--,h,myQ->getSize(myQ));
}
printf("Iserted %d elements\n", myQ->getSize(myQ));
for (j = 0; jtail;
k=myQ->remove(myQ);
printf("Removing %d at position %d, size=%d\n", k, t, myQ->getSize(myQ));
}
printf("Last item removed = %d\n", k);
printf("Current queue size %d\n", myQ->getSize(myQ));
puts("Queue test program");
return 0;
}
代码 1-7 cachedqueue.h
//cached queue means the memory does not have enough space to store the whole queue
//so we divide the queue into two sides:
//one store in memory
//another store in disk
#ifndef CACHEDQUEUE_H
#define CACHEDQUEUE_H
#include "queue.h"
typedef struct cachedqueue
{
QUEUE* queue; //base class
char filename[80]; //new attributes
int numberElementsOnDisk;
QUEUE* outputQueue; //aggregation in subclass
//Inherited virtual functions
int (*isFull)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
int (*isEmpty)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
int (*getSize)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
void (*insert)(struct cachedqueue* const me, int k);
int (*remove)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
//new virtual functions
void (*flush)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
void (*load)(struct cachedqueue* const me);
}CACHEDQUEUE;
void CachedQueue_Init(CACHEDQUEUE* const me, char* filename,
int (*isFullFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*isEmptyFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*getSizeFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*insertFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*removeFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*flushFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*loadFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me));
void CachedQueue_Cleanup(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
int CachedQueue_isFull(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
int Cachedqueue_isEmpty(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
int Cachedqueue_getSize(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
void Cachedqueue_insert(CACHEDQUEUE* const me, int k);
int CachedQueue_remove(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
void Cachedqueue_flush(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
void Cachedqueue_load(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
CACHEDQUEUE* CachedQueue_Create(void);
void CachedQueue_Destroy(CACHEDQUEUE* const me);
#endif
代码 1-8 cachedqueue.c
#include
#include
#include
#include "cachedqueue.h"
void CachedQueue_Init(CACHEDQUEUE* const me, char* filename,
int (*isFullFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*isEmptyFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*getSizeFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*insertFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
int (*removeFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*flushFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me),
void (*loadFunction)(CACHEDQUEUE* const me)){
me->queue=Queue_Create();
me->numberElementsOnDisk=0;
strcpy(me->filename,filename);
me->outputQueue=Queue_Create();
me->isFull=isFullFunction;
me->isEmpty=isEmptyFunction;
me->getSize=getSizeFunction;
me->insert=insertFunction;
me->remove=removeFunction;
me->flush=flushFunction;
me->load=loadFunction;
}
void CachedQueue_Cleanup(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
Queue_Cleanup(me->queue);
}
int CachedQueue_isFull(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
return me->queue->isFull(me->queue) &&
me->outputQueue->isFull(me->outputQueue);
}
int CachedQueue_isEmpty(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
return me->queue->isEmpty(me->queue) &&
me->outputQueue->isEmpty(me->outputQueue) &&
(me->numberElementsOnDisk==0);
}
int CachedQueue_getSize(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
return me->queue->getSize(me->queue)+
me->outputQueue->getSize(me->outputQueue)+
me->numberElementsOnDisk;
}
void CachedQueue_insert(CACHEDQUEUE* const me,int k){
if (me->queue->isFull(me->queue))
{
me->flush(me);
}
me->queue->insert(me->queue,k);
}
int CachedQueue_remove(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
if (!me->outputQueue->isEmpty(me->outputQueue))
{
return me->outputQueue->remove(me->outputQueue);
}
else if (me->numberElementsOnDisk>0)
{
me->load(me);
return me->queue->remove(me->remove);
}
else
{
return me->queue->remove(me->remove);
}
}
void CachedQueue_flush(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
//while not queue->isEmpty()
// queue->remove();
// write date to disk
// numberElementsOnDisk++
//end while
}
void CachedQueue_load(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
//while (!outputQueue->isFull()&&(numberElementsOnDisk>0))
// read from start of file
// numberElementsOnDisk--;
// outputQueue->insert();
//end while
}
CACHEDQUEUE* CachedQueue_Create(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
CACHEDQUEUE* me=(CACHEDQUEUE*)malloc(sizeof(CACHEDQUEUE));
if(me!=NULL)
{
CachedQueue_Init(me,"C:\\queuebuffer.dat",
CachedQueue_isFull,CachedQueue_isEmpty,
CachedQueue_getSize,CachedQueue_insert,
CachedQueue_remove,CachedQueue_flush,CachedQueue_load);
}
return me;
}
void CachedQueue_Destroy(CACHEDQUEUE* const me){
if(me!=NULL)
{
CachedQueue_Cleanup(me);
}
free(me);
}
有限状态机(Finite State Machine,FSM)
代码 1-9 SecuritySupervisor.c
static eventStatus dispatchEvent(short id){
eventStatus res=eventNotConsumed;
switch (activeState)
{
case SecuritySupervisor_Idle:
{
if (id==NULL_id)
{
if(retries>=3)
{
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_ErrorState;
displayMSg("ERROR: Max retries Exceeded");
res=eventConsumed;
}
else
{
++retries;
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Accepting;
res=eventConsumed;
}
}
}
break;
case SecuritySupervisor_Accepting:
{
if (id==keypress_SequritySupervisor_Event_id)
{
if (isCANCEL(params->keys))
{
retries=0;
displayMSg("Cancelled");
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Idle;
strcpy(pin,"");
res=eventConsumed;
}
else
{
if (isDigit(params->keys))
{
addKey(params->keys);
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Accepting;
res=eventConsumed;
}
else
{
if(isEnter(params->keys))
{
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_CheckingLength;
res=eventConsumed;
}
}
}
}
}
break;
case SecuritySupervisor_CheckingLength:
{
if (id==NULL_id)
{
if(strlen(pin)==4)
{
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_ValidatingPIN;
res=eventConsumed;
}
else
{
displayMSg("ERROR:PIN wrong length");
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Idle;
strcpy(pin,"");
res=eventConsumed;
}
}
}
break;
case SecuritySupervisor_ValidatingPIN:
{
if (id==NULL_id)
{
if (isValid(pin))
{
unlockDoor();
displayMSg("Door unlocked");
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_SecurityOpen;
res=eventConsumed;
}
else
{
displayMSg("ERROR: Invalid PIN");
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Idle;
strcpy(pin,"");
res=eventConsumed;
}
}
}
break;
case SecuritySupervisor_SecurityOpen:
{
if (id==keypress_SequritySupervisor_Event_id)
{
if (isRESET(params->keys))
{
lockDoor();
displayMSg("Door locked");
activeState=SecuritySupervisor_Idle;
strcpy(pin,"");
res=eventConsumed;
}
}
}
break;
default:
break;
}
return res;
}
结构化方法将软件组织成两个并行分类,一个是数据,另一个是行为。面向对象的方法将两者结合,当低耦合时,为固有紧密耦合的元素和内容的封装提高内聚力。C不是面向对象语言,可以用于开发基于对象或面向对象的嵌入式系统。