分库分表场景
关系型数据库本身比较容易成为系统瓶颈,单机存储容量、连接数、处理能力都有限。当单表的数据量达到1000W或100G以后,由于查询维度较多,即使添加从库、优化索引,做很多操作时性能仍下降严重。此时就要考虑对其进行切分了,切分的目的就在于减少数据库的负担,缩短查询时间。
分库分表用于应对当前互联网常见的两个场景——大数据量和高并发。通常分为垂直拆分和水平拆分两种。
垂直拆分是根据业务将一个库(表)拆分为多个库(表)。如:将经常和不常访问的字段拆分至不同的库或表中。由于与业务关系密切,目前的分库分表产品均使用水平拆分方式。
水平拆分则是根据分片算法将一个库(表)拆分为多个库(表)。如:按照ID的最后一位以3取余,尾数是1的放入第1个库(表),尾数是2的放入第2个库(表)等。
单纯的分表虽然可以解决数据量过大导致检索变慢的问题,但无法解决过多并发请求访问同一个库,导致数据库响应变慢的问题。所以通常水平拆分都至少要采用分库的方式,用于一并解决大数据量和高并发的问题。这也是部分开源的分片数据库中间件只支持分库的原因。
但分表也有不可替代的适用场景。最常见的分表需求是事务问题。同在一个库则不需考虑分布式事务,善于使用同库不同表可有效避免分布式事务带来的麻烦。目前强一致性的分布式事务由于性能问题,导致使用起来并不一定比不分库分表快。目前采用最终一致性的柔性事务居多。分表的另一个存在的理由是,过多的数据库实例不利于运维管理。综上所述,最佳实践是合理地配合使用分库+分表。
Sharding-JDBC简介
Sharding-JDBC是当当应用框架ddframe中,从关系型数据库模块dd-rdb中分离出来的数据库水平分片框架,实现透明化数据库分库分表访问。Sharding-JDBC是继dubbox和elastic-job之后,ddframe系列开源的第3个项目。
定位为轻量级Java框架,在Java的JDBC层提供的额外服务。 它使用客户端直连数据库,以jar包形式提供服务,无需额外部署和依赖,可理解为增强版的JDBC驱动,完全兼容JDBC和各种ORM框架。
- 适用于任何基于Java的ORM框架,如:JPA, Hibernate, Mybatis, Spring JDBC Template或直接使用JDBC。
- 基于任何第三方的数据库连接池,如:DBCP, C3P0, BoneCP, Druid, HikariCP等。
- 支持任意实现JDBC规范的数据库。目前支持MySQL,Oracle,SQLServer和PostgreSQL。
Sharding-JDBC分片策略灵活,可支持等号、between、in等多维度分片,也可支持多分片键。
SQL解析功能完善,支持聚合、分组、排序、limit、or等查询,并支持Binding Table以及笛卡尔积表查询。
项目实践
数据准备
准备两个数据库。并在两个库中建好表, 建表sql如下:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user_auth_0`;
CREATE TABLE `user_auth_0` (
`user_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
`add_date` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`email` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
`password` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
`remark` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`),
UNIQUE KEY `USER_AUTH_PHONE` (`phone`),
UNIQUE KEY `USER_AUTH_EMAIL` (`email`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user_auth_1`;
CREATE TABLE `user_auth_1` (
`user_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
`add_date` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`email` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
`password` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
`remark` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`),
UNIQUE KEY `USER_AUTH_PHONE` (`phone`),
UNIQUE KEY `USER_AUTH_EMAIL` (`email`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
POM配置
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starterartifactId> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-devtoolsartifactId> <scope>runtimescope> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombokgroupId> <artifactId>lombokartifactId> <optional>trueoptional> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-testartifactId> <scope>testscope> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webartifactId> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.bootgroupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpaartifactId> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>mysqlgroupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-javaartifactId> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.alibabagroupId> <artifactId>druidartifactId> <version>1.1.9version> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.dangdanggroupId> <artifactId>sharding-jdbc-coreartifactId> <version>1.5.4version> dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.alibabagroupId> <artifactId>fastjsonartifactId> <version>1.2.51version> dependency>
application.yml配置
spring: jpa: properties: hibernate: dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect show-sql: true database0: driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mazhq?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8 username: root password: 123456 databaseName: mazhq database1: driverClassName: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/liugh?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8 username: root password: 123456 databaseName: liugh
分库分表最主要有几个配置
1. 有多少个数据源 (2个:database0和database1)
@Data
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "database0")
@Component
public class Database0Config {
private String url;
private String username;
private String password;
private String driverClassName;
private String databaseName;
public DataSource createDataSource() {
DruidDataSource result = new DruidDataSource();
result.setDriverClassName(getDriverClassName());
result.setUrl(getUrl());
result.setUsername(getUsername());
result.setPassword(getPassword());
return result;
}
}
2. 用什么列进行分库以及分库算法 (一般是用具体值对2取余判断入哪个库,我采用的是判断值是否大于20)
@Component
public class DatabaseShardingAlgorithm implements SingleKeyDatabaseShardingAlgorithm {
@Autowired
private Database0Config database0Config;
@Autowired
private Database1Config database1Config;
@Override
public String doEqualSharding(Collection collection, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
Long value = shardingValue.getValue();
if (value <= 20L) {
return database0Config.getDatabaseName();
} else {
return database1Config.getDatabaseName();
}
}
@Override
public Collection doInSharding(Collection availableTargetNames, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(availableTargetNames.size());
for (Long value : shardingValue.getValues()) {
if (value <= 20L) {
result.add(database0Config.getDatabaseName());
} else {
result.add(database1Config.getDatabaseName());
}
}
return result;
}
@Override
public Collection doBetweenSharding(Collection availableTargetNames, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(availableTargetNames.size());
Range range = shardingValue.getValueRange();
for (Long value = range.lowerEndpoint(); value <= range.upperEndpoint(); value++) {
if (value <= 20L) {
result.add(database0Config.getDatabaseName());
} else {
result.add(database1Config.getDatabaseName());
}
}
return result;
}
}
3. 用什么列进行分表以及分表算法
@Component
public class TableShardingAlgorithm implements SingleKeyTableShardingAlgorithm {
@Override
public String doEqualSharding(Collection tableNames, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
for (String each : tableNames) {
if (each.endsWith(shardingValue.getValue() % 2 + "")) {
return each;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
@Override
public Collection doInSharding(Collection tableNames, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(tableNames.size());
for (Long value : shardingValue.getValues()) {
for (String tableName : tableNames) {
if (tableName.endsWith(value % 2 + "")) {
result.add(tableName);
}
}
}
return result;
}
@Override
public Collection doBetweenSharding(Collection tableNames, ShardingValue shardingValue) {
Collection result = new LinkedHashSet<>(tableNames.size());
Range range = shardingValue.getValueRange();
for (Long i = range.lowerEndpoint(); i <= range.upperEndpoint(); i++) {
for (String each : tableNames) {
if (each.endsWith(i % 2 + "")) {
result.add(each);
}
}
}
return result;
}
}
4. 每张表的逻辑表名和所有物理表名和集成调用
@Configuration
public class DataSourceConfig {
@Autowired
private Database0Config database0Config;
@Autowired
private Database1Config database1Config;
@Autowired
private DatabaseShardingAlgorithm databaseShardingAlgorithm;
@Autowired
private TableShardingAlgorithm tableShardingAlgorithm;
@Bean
public DataSource getDataSource() throws SQLException {
return buildDataSource();
}
private DataSource buildDataSource() throws SQLException {
//分库设置
Map dataSourceMap = new HashMap<>(2);
//添加两个数据库database0和database1
dataSourceMap.put(database0Config.getDatabaseName(), database0Config.createDataSource());
dataSourceMap.put(database1Config.getDatabaseName(), database1Config.createDataSource());
//设置默认数据库
DataSourceRule dataSourceRule = new DataSourceRule(dataSourceMap, database0Config.getDatabaseName());
//分表设置,大致思想就是将查询虚拟表Goods根据一定规则映射到真实表中去
TableRule orderTableRule = TableRule.builder("user_auth")
.actualTables(Arrays.asList("user_auth_0", "user_auth_1"))
.dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
.build();
//分库分表策略
ShardingRule shardingRule = ShardingRule.builder()
.dataSourceRule(dataSourceRule)
.tableRules(Arrays.asList(orderTableRule))
.databaseShardingStrategy(new DatabaseShardingStrategy("user_id", databaseShardingAlgorithm))
.tableShardingStrategy(new TableShardingStrategy("user_id", tableShardingAlgorithm)).build();
DataSource dataSource = ShardingDataSourceFactory.createDataSource(shardingRule);
return dataSource;
}
@Bean
public KeyGenerator keyGenerator() {
return new DefaultKeyGenerator();
}
接口测试代码
1、实体类
/**
* @author mazhq
* @date 2019/7/30 16:41
*/
@Entity
@Data
@Table(name = "USER_AUTH", uniqueConstraints = {@UniqueConstraint(name = "USER_AUTH_PHONE", columnNames = {"PHONE"}),
@UniqueConstraint(name = "USER_AUTH_EMAIL", columnNames = {"EMAIL"})})
public class UserAuthEntity implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7230052310725727465L;
@Id
private Long userId;
@Column(name = "PHONE", length = 16)
private String phone;
@Column(name = "EMAIL", length = 16)
private String email;
private String password;
@Column(name = "REMARK",length = 16)
private String remark;
@Column(name = "ADD_DATE", nullable = false, columnDefinition = "datetime default now()")
private Date addDate;
}
2. Dao层
@Repository
public interface UserAuthDao extends JpaRepository {
}
3. controller层
/**
* @author mazhq
* @Title: UserAuthController
* @date 2019/8/1 17:18
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserAuthController {
@Autowired
private UserAuthDao userAuthDao;
@PostMapping("/save")
public String save(){
for (int i=0;i<40;i++) {
UserAuthEntity userAuthEntity = new UserAuthEntity();
userAuthEntity.setUserId((long)i);
userAuthEntity.setAddDate(new Date());
userAuthEntity.setEmail("test"+i+"@163.com");
userAuthEntity.setPassword("123456");
userAuthEntity.setPhone("1388888888"+i);
Random r = new Random();
userAuthEntity.setRemark(""+r.nextInt(100));
userAuthDao.save(userAuthEntity);
}
return "success";
}
@PostMapping("/select")
public String select(){
return JSONObject.toJSONString(userAuthDao.findAll(Sort.by(Sort.Order.desc("remark"))));
}
}
测试方式:
先调用:http://localhost:8080/user/save
再查询:http://localhost:8080/user/select
git地址:sharding