使用wxPython开发一个简单GUI应用

使用wxPython开发一个简单GUI应用

python用的时间不长，一般用来做字符串处理、简单测试的一些小程序。最近工作中需要做一个简单的GUI应用，使用麦克录音并存成wave文件。然后就想拿wxPython练练手。

一、概述

GUI开发采用wxPython，界面编辑工具采用wxGlade，声音采集和播放采用PyAudio，小数据库采用sqlite3，最后使用py2exe打包发布。基本的应用开发流程都包括了。

二、wxGlade

界面编辑工具也是找了几个，比如wxFormBuilder，甚至是收费的DialogBlocks，wxFormBuilder 很漂亮，不过bug好像较多，经常自动退出。wxGlade有经典的Linux GUI界面风格，分立式窗体，了解了基本的原理后用起来很方便。主要是其中的sizer，add slot、insert slot增加空位，然后添加控件。也可以添加自定义的控件，只需要设置自定义控件的Class属性。然后在MainFrame的Extra code for this widget增加from YourModule import YourCLass。因为界面比较简单，我没有采用XRC资源导入的模式，而是直接生成MainFrame的代码。由于界面设计可能会变，在应用中新建一 个MainFrameEx类继承MainFrame，将事件处理放在继承类中完成。这样每次使用wxGlade编辑界面后可以直接覆盖生成的代码。

三、PyAudio

PyAudio是从PortAudio移植的，现在还是alpha版。不过使用起来还真是方便，看看网站上提供的example就可以了。没有什么大问题。需要注意多线程的问题，PyAudio对象尽量复用。注意线程中刷新wxWidget需要使用wx.CallAfter方法。

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

import pyaudio
import wave
import threading
import wx
import datetime
import traceback
import os
import logging

logger = logging.getLogger("root")

class BMRecord(threading.Thread):
    CHUNK = 1024
    FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16  # 至少为16位
    DEVICE = 1
    CHANNELS = 1
    RATE = 44100
    RECORD_SECONDS = 5   

    def __init__(self, window, audio, device, prefix):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.window = window
        self.audio = audio
        self.prefix = prefix  # wave文件命名的前缀
        self.DEVICE = device
        self.CHANNELS = 2  # 双通道采集
        self.RECORD_SECONDS = int(window.params["length"])
        self.RATE = int(window.params["rate"])
        self.FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16

    def record(self):
        self.filename = ""
        self.filetime = ""
        try :
            stream = self.audio.open(format=self.FORMAT,
                            channels=self.CHANNELS,
                            rate=self.RATE,
                            input=True,
                            input_device_index=self.DEVICE,
                            frames_per_buffer=self.CHUNK)       
            frames = []
            for i in range(0, int(self.RATE * self.RECORD_SECONDS / self.CHUNK)):
                data = stream.read(self.CHUNK)
                frames.append(data)
                i = i                     
            stream.stop_stream()
            stream.close()       
             
            now = datetime.datetime.now()
            strnow = now.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
            self.filetime = now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
            savepath = self.checkPath(strnow)            
            
            # 双声道存为两个单声道文件
            frames1 = []
            frames2 = []
            wavedata = b''.join(frames)
            for i in range(len(wavedata) / 4):                
                frames1.append(wavedata[i * 4 : i * 4 + 2])
                frames2.append(wavedata[i * 4 + 2 : i * 4 + 4])
            
            # 双声道存储    
            fullpath = savepath + "/" + strnow + self.prefix + "X.wav"
            wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
            wf.setnchannels(2)
            wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
            wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
            wf.writeframes(wavedata)
            wf.close()    
            # 两个单声道存储
            filenames = [strnow + self.prefix + "Z.wav", strnow + self.prefix + "Y.wav"]
            fullpath = savepath + "/" + filenames[0]
            wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
            wf.setnchannels(1)
            wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
            wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
            wf.writeframes(b''.join(frames1))
            wf.close()
            fullpath = savepath + "/" + filenames[1]
            wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
            wf.setnchannels(1)
            wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
            wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
            wf.writeframes(b''.join(frames2))
            wf.close()                                   
            self.message = "录制成功"
            self.filenames = filenames
            logger.info(filenames[0] + "," + filenames[1] + ", recorded")
            return 0
        except Exception:
            self.message = traceback.format_exc()
            logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
            return -1
    
    def checkPath(self, pathname):
        curpath = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
        strdate = pathname[0:8]  
        fullpath = curpath + "/data/" + strdate
        if  not os.path.exists(fullpath) :
            os.makedirs(fullpath)  
        return fullpath
            
    def run(self):
        ret = self.record()            
        wx.CallAfter(self.window.recordResult, ret, self.filenames, self.filetime, self.message)

四、sqlite

sqlite模块是Python内置的用起来很方便：

import sqlite3
import datetime

class BMDatabase():
    
    def loadData(self, whichDay):
        conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")         
        cur = conn.cursor()
        start = datetime.datetime.strptime(whichDay, "%Y-%m-%d")      
        end = start + datetime.timedelta(days=1)  
        res = cur.execute("select * from CheckRecord where rec_time between ? and ? order by rec_time", (start, end))          
        return res.fetchall()
    
    def getFile(self, waveFile):
        conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")         
        cur = conn.cursor()        
        res = cur.execute("select * from CheckRecord where rec_file=?", (waveFile,))          
        row = res.fetchone()
        return row
        
    def save(self, filename, filetime, result):
        conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")
        cur = conn.cursor()
        record = [(filename, filetime, result)]
        cur.executemany('INSERT INTO CheckRecord (rec_file,rec_time,result) VALUES (?,?,?)', record)
        conn.commit()

五、自定义wxWidget控件

自绘控件主要是处理EVT_PAINT事件： self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)

import wx

class WavePane(wx.StaticText):
    waveData = None
    spectrum = None
    def __init__(self, parent, nid=wx.ID_ANY, caption=""):
        wx.StaticText.__init__(self, parent)
        self.SetBackgroundStyle(wx.BG_STYLE_CUSTOM)
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_SIZE, self.on_size)
        self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)
        
    def on_size(self, event):
        self.Refresh()
        event.Skip()
        
    def on_paint(self, event):
        w, h = self.GetClientSize()
        dc = wx.AutoBufferedPaintDC(self)
        brush = wx.Brush(wx.Color(0, 0, 0x80), wx.SOLID)
        dc.SetBrush(brush)
        dc.Clear()
        dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.BLACK, 1))
        dc.SetTextForeground(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0))
        font = dc.GetFont()
        font.SetPointSize(8)
        dc.SetFont(font)
        dc.DrawRectangle(0, 0, w - 1, h - 1)
        if self.waveData <> None:
            dc.BeginDrawing()
            dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), 1))
            au = self.waveData
            step = int(au.nframes / w)
            height = au.height  # 或者65536 / 2.0
            i = 0
            j = 0
            while i < au.nframes:
                if au.frames[2 * i + 1] >= 0x80:  # 负数
                    value = au.frames[2 * i] + au.frames[2 * i + 1] * 256 - 65536
                else:
                    value = au.frames[2 * i] + au.frames[2 * i + 1] * 256                
                dc.DrawLine(j, int(h / 2.0), j, int(h / 2.0 * (1 - value * 1.0 / height))) 
                i += step
                j += 1
                if 2 * i + 1 >= au.nframes * 2:
                    break;            
            dc.DrawText(str(au.maxValue), 1, 1)
            dc.DrawText(str(au.minValue), 1, h - 16)
            dc.EndDrawing()
        elif self.spectrum <> None :
            dc.BeginDrawing()
            dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), 1))  
            brush = wx.Brush(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), wx.SOLID)
            dc.SetBrush(brush)          
            dc.SetTextForeground(wx.RED)           
            barWidth = int(w / 72)
            i = 0
            j = barWidth
            while i < 36:
                y = int((1 - self.spectrum[i] * 1.0 / self.maxSpectrum) * h)
                dc.DrawRectangle(j, y , barWidth, h - y - 1) 
                if y < h - 2:
                    dc.FloodFill(j + 1, y + 1, wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), wx.FLOOD_BORDER)
                # Bar的编号
                if i == 0 or(i + 1) % 5 == 0:
                    if i < 9:
                        dc.DrawText(str(i + 1), j + 4, h - 13)
                    else:
                        dc.DrawText(str(i + 1), j , h - 13)
                i += 1
                j += barWidth * 2
            dc.SetTextForeground(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0))
            dc.DrawText(str(self.maxSpectrum), 1, 1)
            dc.EndDrawing()
        
    def setWaveData(self, waveData):
        self.waveData = waveData
        self.Refresh()
    
    def setSpectrum(self, spectrum):
        self.spectrum = spectrum
        if spectrum <> None:
            maxValue = 0
            for i in range(0, 36):            
                if  spectrum[i] > maxValue :
                    maxValue = spectrum[i]
            self.maxSpectrum = maxValue
        self.Refresh()

六、日志的使用

使用循环日志

import logging.handlers
    logger = logging.getLogger("root")
    handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'bmon.log'),
                                                   maxBytes=5 * 1024 * 1024, backupCount=5)
    formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s: %(message)s')
    handler.setFormatter(formatter)
    logger.addHandler(handler)
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

七、py2exe

最后一步就是打包成可执行文件。setup.py：

from distutils.core import setup
import py2exe


# setup(console=["hello.py"])
py2exe_options = dict({
    "includes":['sip', 'encodings', 'encodings.ascii', 'encodings.utf_8', 'encodings.cp866'],
    "dll_excludes":["MSVCP90.dll"]})

setup(version="1.0",
      description="Bearing Monitor",
      name="bmon",
      zipfile=None,
      dist_dir="bmon",
      windows=["bmon.py"],
      options={'py2exe': py2exe_options},
      icon_resources=[(1, "check_all.ico")],
      data_files=[("", ["check_all.ico"])] 
    )

然后命令行下执行：python setup.py py2exe，就可以生成dist发布目录

八、小结

这个简单应用涉及的主要模块就这么几个，组合成了一个简单的GUI应用。Python开发还真是很简单，前提是得熟悉各种模块。