Git快速入门系列文章
- Git快速入门-安装配置篇
- Git快速入门-常用命令之独奏篇
- Git快速入门-常用命令之交响乐篇
- Git快速入门-git stash 暂存变更,git reset 撤销commit,git revert 回退远程版本库
注:本文基于git version 2.13.5 版本进行演示
Git入门系列第四篇,基于场景,介绍一些非常实用的Git命令,也许这些命令会让你产生“还有这种操作”的感叹。例如如何把修改暂存起来,留着以后使用?想撤销已提交(commit)到本地版本库的代码该怎么办?撤销已push到远程代码库的代码呢?
实际开发过程中,我们经常会遇到这样的问题,当我们想把远程仓库的最新代码拉下来时,发现git会提示说我们本地做的修改会被覆盖,建议先commit代码或者stash(暂存)代码。你一定遇到过类似下面这样的提示:
$ git pull origin master
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 1), reused 3 (delta 1), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
From github.com:flysqrlboy/git-command-tutorials
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
7dd2e09..d7e1e19 master -> origin/master
Updating 7dd2e09..d7e1e19
error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:
b.txt
Please commit your changes or stash them before you merge.
Aborting
留意下面两句提示,我们可以有两个选择:commit或stash。
error: Your local changes to the following files would be overwritten by merge:
b.txt
Please commit your changes or stash them before you merge.
如果我们本地的代码修改得差不多了,可以选择commit到本地版本库。但如果我们的修改只是个半成品,我们不想把这样的代码留在提交历史里的话。git stash就能派上用场了。
先来看下当前的工作区和暂存区状态:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: b.txt
git status 输出中告诉我们,a.txt 和 b.txt 都有修改,a.txt 已加入到暂存区(在Changes to be committed下面),b.txt 的修改则还在工作区中(在Changes not staged for commit下面)。正是因为远程代码库有人更改了b.txt ,才导致本地拉取代码时提示会被覆盖。这里,用git stash 命令保存当前工作进度。
$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
运行git stash 之后,再查看工作区状态,会发现之前工作区和暂存区的修改都不见了。
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
查看stash进度用命令git stash list
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on master: 7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
可以看到刚刚暂存的进度有个标识 stash@{0}。如果想查看某个进度具体修改的文件可以用命令git stash show
$ git stash show stash@{0}
a.txt | 1 +
b.txt | 1 +
2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
使用 git stash pop 从最近保存的进度进行恢复。
$ git stash pop
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: a.txt
modified: b.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (ddc97ea74d33f3417f5ddab429a1dfeb3c08ca19)
通过git status查看工作区状态,可以看到之前的修改又回来了。
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: a.txt
modified: b.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
不过可能你也发现了一个小瑕疵,原来的a.txt 的修改已经添加到暂存区的,但现在用git stash pop 恢复进度后,a.txt 的修改却还在工作区,暂存区的修改被撤销了。这里其实可以在运行git stash pop命令时带上一个 –index 的选项来告诉git重新应用被暂存的变更。
git stash pop --index
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: b.txt
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (c62afccafe9aaec2b44abe85b4206728479b9902)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: b.txt
如果觉得对b.txt这个文件的修改是没有必要的,该如何撤消修改,回到之前的状态(也就是回到没有修改前的状态)?git status 命令输出是有告诉我们怎么做的:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: b.txt
就在“Changes not staged for commit”下面第二个括号内,
(use “git checkout – < file >…” to discard changes in working directory)
git checkout – filename 可以丢弃某个文件在工作区的改动。我们试试看。
$ git checkout -- b.txt
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
git status 已经没有b.txt 的信息,说明b.txt的修改已经撤出工作区,恢复到修改前的版本了。这里提醒一下:git checkout – filename 这个命令是有点危险的,因为它会丢弃掉之前做的改动,这是找不回来的。只有在确定某个文件是真的不需要改动才撤销。一般情况下,如果只是想回到没修改前的版本,但仍然想保留修改的内容,可以用git stash命令把改动暂存起来。
如果我们不小心把一些还不想提交的修改添加到了暂存区(例如不小心用了 git add . 命令把所有改动都add 到暂存区),我们怎么把某些文件撤回工作区呢?实际上git status命令也有告诉我们。
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: b.txt
在 “Changes to be committed” 下面,
(use “git reset HEAD < file >…” to unstage)
用 git reset HEAD filename 命令把暂存区的改动撤回到工作区,我们试试。
$ git reset HEAD a.txt
Unstaged changes after reset:
M a.txt
M b.txt
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: a.txt
modified: b.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
git status 输出可以看到,a.txt 的改动已经被撤出暂存区了。
如果我们对最近的一次commit感到不满意,想把它从本地版本库撤回到暂存区,该怎么做呢?让我们先做一次commit:
git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
modified: b.txt
$ git commit -m 'modify a.txt b.txt'
[master c80c16c] modify a.txt b.txt
2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
$ git log --oneline
c80c16c (HEAD -> master) modify a.txt b.txt
7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
e6e0035 1.oneline 2.second line
提交已经成功,commitid 为 c80c16c 。现在要撤销这次提交,把改动撤回到暂存区。同样是使用命令 git reset,只不过这次要加上 –soft 选项。
$ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified: a.txt
modified: b.txt
git status 输出告诉我们,a.txt 和 b.txt的改动又回到暂存区了。再查看提交历史。
$ git log --oneline
7dd2e09 (HEAD -> master) add two files a.txt b.txt
e6e0035 1.oneline 2.second line
commitid 为 c80c16c 的那次提交已经没有了。现在来解释下 git reset –soft HEAD^ 的含义。先说一下”HEAD^”,它代表最新的一次提交的前一次提交。“HEAD”在Git中就是一个引用,它总是指向(当前分支中)最新的那一次提交。所以上面的命令意思是把头部引用(HEAD)向前回退一次。而选项–soft 的作用就是把最新那次提交的所有改动撤回到暂存区。
上面我们讨论的只是撤销本地做的提交,那如果提交已经push到远程代码库。要怎么回退呢?我们先把上面对a.txt , b.txt的修改push到远程代码库。
$ git push origin master
Counting objects: 4, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 373 bytes | 373.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 4 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:flysqrlboy/git-command-tutorials.git
d7e1e19..f0e0628 master -> master
已push成功,看下提交历史
$ git log --oneline
f0e0628 (HEAD -> master, origin/master) modify a.txt b.txt
d7e1e19 Merge pull request #1 from imflysquirrel/master
0c550df modify b.txt by imflysquirrel
7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
commitid 为 f0e0628的这次提交已经push到远程。现在想回退远程的这次提交,可能你会想到,先在本地用git reset命令撤销f0e0628 ,再push到远程,这种方案可行吗?试试看:
$ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ git log --oneline
d7e1e19 (HEAD -> master) Merge pull request #1 from imflysquirrel/master
0c550df modify b.txt by imflysquirrel
7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
执行git reset后本地已经回退到上一次提交,这时我们使用git push推送到远程看看能否成功。
$ git push origin master
To github.com:flysqrlboy/git-command-tutorials.git
! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to '[email protected]:flysqrlboy/git-command-tutorials.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g.
hint: 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
推送失败了,reject的原因是说本地当前分支落后于远程代码库,如下
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
因为我们本地的HEAD引用当前指向的提交是 d7e1e19,而远程的HEAD指向的是f0e0628。d7e1e19落后于f0e0628。其实不应该用git reset来回退远程仓库的提交,取而代之的是用git revert。git revert 这个命令也会创建一次提交,只不过这个提交相当于被回退的那次提交的一个反向提交。比如在f0e0628 这次提交提交中,b.txt增加了一行“Hello World!”,git diff 如下
diff --git a/b.txt b/b.txt
index 696ac20..0f47c73 100644
--- a/b.txt
+++ b/b.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
add by imflysquirrel
+Hello World!
那么反向提交的话就会删掉这行“Hello World!”, 下面用git revert 演示下。
$ git revert HEAD
[master 9086b68] Revert "modify a.txt b.txt"
2 files changed, 2 deletions(-)
git revert HEAD 表示revert HEAD指向的那次提交,也就是最新的那一次提交f0e0628。用git log看下提交历史:
git log --oneline
9086b68 (HEAD -> master) Revert "modify a.txt b.txt"
f0e0628 (origin/master) modify a.txt b.txt
d7e1e19 Merge pull request #1 from imflysquirrel/master
0c550df modify b.txt by imflysquirrel
7dd2e09 add two files a.txt b.txt
新增了一个提交9086b68 ,原来的f0e0628 是还存在的。看下这时的b.txt,
$ cat b.txt
add by imflysquirrel
“Hello World!” 那行已经被删除掉了。那么现在可以push了。
$ git push origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 316 bytes | 316.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To github.com:flysqrlboy/git-command-tutorials.git
f0e0628..9086b68 master -> master
Ok! 成功push 到远程。
本文介绍了几个使用的git 命令。git stash 暂存代码。git reset 撤销本地提交。git revert 回退远程代码库。希望对你在使用git时有所帮助。如果觉得本文写的还行,请点个赞吧!也欢迎在讨论区留言做进一步交流。
本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议进行许可。