client 顾客;当事人;诉讼委托人;[计算机]客户端
窗口过程可以通过调用 InvalidateRect 函数来强制使自己的客户区中的一个矩形失效。可以通过调用GetUpdateRect函数来获取无效区域坐标。
也可以通过调用 ValidateRect 函数来使客户区中任意的矩形变得有效。
常用的字符输出函数格式:
TextOut (hdc, x, y, psText, iLength);
TextOut函数向窗口的客户区输出一个字符串。
hdc :设备环境句柄
x, y 定义了字符串在客户区中的开始位置。
第三个参数:psText 是指向字符串的指针,
第四个参数:iLength 是字符串的长度(以字符为单位)
设备环境中的某些值是图形“属性”。这些属性决定了GDI绘图函数的工作细节。
例如在TextOut函数中,设备环境的属性决定着文本的颜色、文本背景的颜色、函数的参数x,y如何映射到窗口的客户区,以及WINDOWS用什么字体显示文本。
获取设备环境(一)
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
[使用GDI函数]
EndPaint(hwnd,&ps);
这种方法在处理WM_PAINT消息时使用。用到了两个函数:BeginPaint 和 EndPaint
这两个函数需要两个参数:一个是窗口的句柄,这是窗口消息处理过程的参数;
另一个是一个类型为PAINTSTRUCT结构的变量的地址。
在处理WM_PAINT消息时,窗口过程首先调用BeginPaint 函数。这个函数通常会擦去无效区域的背景以便绘图。它同时还会填充ps结构的各个字段。
函数的返回值就是一个设备环境句柄
typedef struct tagPAINTSTRUCT {
HDC hdc;
BOOL fErase;
RECT rcPaint;
BOOL fRestore;
BOOL fIncUpdate;
BYTE rgbReserved[32];
} PAINTSTRUCT;
程序只能使用前三个字段,其他的供Windows内部使用。
PAINTSTRUCT结构中的rcPaint字段定义了无效矩形的边界,这4个字段以像素为单位的,并相对于客户区的左上角。
通常WINDOWS收到WM_PAINT会重绘整个客户区而不管rcPaint结构的值如何
获取设备环境(二)
在处理非WM_PAINT消息时使用,
hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
[使用GDI函数]
ReleaseDC(hwnd,hdc);
与从BnginPaint函数返回的设备环境句柄不同,从GetDC返回的设备环境句柄中的裁剪矩形是整个客户区。
GetDC不会将无效区域有效化。
但可以调用函数:ValidateRect(hwnd, NULL);
通常,GetDC 和 ReleaseDC函数用于处理键盘消息或者鼠标消息
GetDC返回的是窗口客户区的设备环境句柄,GetWindowDC返回的则是整个窗口的设备环境句柄。例如,程序可以使用从GetWindowDC返回的设备环境句柄在窗口的标题栏输出,相应的,程序也必须要处理WM_NCPAINT(非客户区绘制)消息。
调用 GetSystemMetrics 函数来获取用户界面的尺寸,返回值是一个整数
同样调用 GetTextMetrics 函数可以获取字体尺寸,它需要一个设备环境句柄,因为它会返回该设备环境中当前选定的字体的信息。
Windows将把字符尺寸的各种值复制到类型为TEXTMETRIC的结构中,该结构在WINGDI.H头文件中定义,有20个字段,但我们只关心其中前7个;
typedef struct tagTEXTMETRIC {
LONG tmHeight;
LONG tmAscent;
LONG tmDescent;
LONG tmInternalLeading;
LONG tmExternalLeading;
LONG tmAveCharWidth;
LONG tmMaxCharWidth;
LONG tmWeight;
LONG tmOverhang;
LONG tmDigitizedAspectX;
LONG tmDigitizedAspectY;
TCHAR tmFirstChar;
TCHAR tmLastChar;
TCHAR tmDefaultChar;
TCHAR tmBreakChar;
BYTE tmItalic;
BYTE tmUnderlined;
BYTE tmStruckOut;
BYTE tmPitchAndFamily;
BYTE tmCharSet;
} TEXTMETRIC, *PTEXTMETRIC;
这些字段的值的单位取决于设备环境中当前选定的映射模式。默认的映射模式是 MM_TEXT ,所以它们的值是以像素为单位的。
TEXTMETRICS结构中的另一个字段是tmExternalLeading是设计者建议在两行文字之间留出的空间大小。
文本的格式化:Windows运行时,系统字体不会变化。因此,应用程序只需要调用一次GetTextMetrics函数。最好的时机是在窗口过程处理WM_CREATE消息时。WM_CREATE消息是窗口过程收到的第一条消息。
#define WINVER 0x0500 //一个版本标号
#include
#include "sysmets.h"
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("SysMets1") ;
HWND hwnd ;
MSG msg ;
WNDCLASS wndclass ;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc ;
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ;
wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL ;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;
RegisterClass (&wndclass);
hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT ("Get System Metrics No. 1"),
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;
ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage (&msg) ;
DispatchMessage (&msg) ;
}
return msg.wParam ;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
static int cxChar, cxCaps, cyChar ;
HDC hdc ;
int i ;
PAINTSTRUCT ps ;
TCHAR szBuffer [10] ;
TEXTMETRIC tm ;
switch (message)
{
case WM_CREATE:
hdc = GetDC (hwnd) ;
GetTextMetrics (hdc, &tm) ; //获取系统字体属性并保存在tm前7个字段中
cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth ;
cxCaps = (tm.tmPitchAndFamily & 1 ? 3 : 2) * cxChar / 2 ;//tmPitchAndFamily决定低位是否为等宽字体:1代表变宽字体,0代表等宽字体
cyChar = tm.tmHeight + tm.tmExternalLeading ;
ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_PAINT :
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
for (i = 0 ; i < NUMLINES ; i++)
{
TextOut (hdc, 0, cyChar * i,
sysmetrics[i].szLabel,
lstrlen (sysmetrics[i].szLabel)) ;
TextOut (hdc, 22 * cxCaps, cyChar * i,
sysmetrics[i].szDesc,
lstrlen (sysmetrics[i].szDesc)) ;
SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_RIGHT | TA_TOP) ; //相对右上角对齐方式
TextOut (hdc, 22 * cxCaps + 40 * cxChar, cyChar * i, szBuffer,
wsprintf (szBuffer, TEXT ("%5d"),
GetSystemMetrics (sysmetrics[i].iIndex))) ; //TextOut 最后一个参数:为字符串的长度,而wsprintf正好返回值为字符串的长度。
SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_LEFT | TA_TOP) ; //取消右上角对齐方式
}
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0) ;
return 0 ;
}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
************************** sysmets.h *************************
#define NUMLINES ((int) (sizeof sysmetrics / sizeof sysmetrics [0]))
struct
{
int iIndex ;
TCHAR * szLabel ;
TCHAR * szDesc ;
}
sysmetrics [] =
{
SM_CXSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CXSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Screen width in pixels"),
SM_CYSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CYSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Screen height in pixels"),
SM_CXVSCROLL, TEXT ("SM_CXVSCROLL"),
TEXT ("Vertical scroll width"),
SM_CYHSCROLL, TEXT ("SM_CYHSCROLL"),
TEXT ("Horizontal scroll height"),
SM_CYCAPTION, TEXT ("SM_CYCAPTION"),
TEXT ("Caption bar height"),
SM_CXBORDER, TEXT ("SM_CXBORDER"),
TEXT ("Window border width"),
SM_CYBORDER, TEXT ("SM_CYBORDER"),
TEXT ("Window border height"),
SM_CXFIXEDFRAME, TEXT ("SM_CXFIXEDFRAME"),
TEXT ("Dialog window frame width"),
SM_CYFIXEDFRAME, TEXT ("SM_CYFIXEDFRAME"),
TEXT ("Dialog window frame height"),
SM_CYVTHUMB, TEXT ("SM_CYVTHUMB"),
TEXT ("Vertical scroll thumb height"),
SM_CXHTHUMB, TEXT ("SM_CXHTHUMB"),
TEXT ("Horizontal scroll thumb width"),
SM_CXICON, TEXT ("SM_CXICON"),
TEXT ("Icon width"),
SM_CYICON, TEXT ("SM_CYICON"),
TEXT ("Icon height"),
SM_CXCURSOR, TEXT ("SM_CXCURSOR"),
TEXT ("Cursor width"),
SM_CYCURSOR, TEXT ("SM_CYCURSOR"),
TEXT ("Cursor height"),
SM_CYMENU, TEXT ("SM_CYMENU"),
TEXT ("Menu bar height"),
SM_CXFULLSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CXFULLSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Full screen client area width"),
SM_CYFULLSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CYFULLSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Full screen client area height"),
SM_CYKANJIWINDOW, TEXT ("SM_CYKANJIWINDOW"),
TEXT ("Kanji window height"),
SM_MOUSEPRESENT, TEXT ("SM_MOUSEPRESENT"),
TEXT ("Mouse present flag"),
SM_CYVSCROLL, TEXT ("SM_CYVSCROLL"),
TEXT ("Vertical scroll arrow height"),
SM_CXHSCROLL, TEXT ("SM_CXHSCROLL"),
TEXT ("Horizontal scroll arrow width"),
SM_DEBUG, TEXT ("SM_DEBUG"),
TEXT ("Debug version flag"),
SM_SWAPBUTTON, TEXT ("SM_SWAPBUTTON"),
TEXT ("Mouse buttons swapped flag"),
SM_CXMIN, TEXT ("SM_CXMIN"),
TEXT ("Minimum window width"),
SM_CYMIN, TEXT ("SM_CYMIN"),
TEXT ("Minimum window height"),
SM_CXSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CXSIZE"),
TEXT ("Min/Max/Close button width"),
SM_CYSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CYSIZE"),
TEXT ("Min/Max/Close button height"),
SM_CXSIZEFRAME, TEXT ("SM_CXSIZEFRAME"),
TEXT ("Window sizing frame width"),
SM_CYSIZEFRAME, TEXT ("SM_CYSIZEFRAME"),
TEXT ("Window sizing frame height"),
SM_CXMINTRACK, TEXT ("SM_CXMINTRACK"),
TEXT ("Minimum window tracking width"),
SM_CYMINTRACK, TEXT ("SM_CYMINTRACK"),
TEXT ("Minimum window tracking height"),
SM_CXDOUBLECLK, TEXT ("SM_CXDOUBLECLK"),
TEXT ("Double click x tolerance"),
SM_CYDOUBLECLK, TEXT ("SM_CYDOUBLECLK"),
TEXT ("Double click y tolerance"),
SM_CXICONSPACING, TEXT ("SM_CXICONSPACING"),
TEXT ("Horizontal icon spacing"),
SM_CYICONSPACING, TEXT ("SM_CYICONSPACING"),
TEXT ("Vertical icon spacing"),
SM_MENUDROPALIGNMENT, TEXT ("SM_MENUDROPALIGNMENT"),
TEXT ("Left or right menu drop"),
SM_PENWINDOWS, TEXT ("SM_PENWINDOWS"),
TEXT ("Pen extensions installed"),
SM_DBCSENABLED, TEXT ("SM_DBCSENABLED"),
TEXT ("Double-Byte Char Set enabled"),
SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS, TEXT ("SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS"),
TEXT ("Number of mouse buttons"),
SM_SECURE, TEXT ("SM_SECURE"),
TEXT ("Security present flag"),
SM_CXEDGE, TEXT ("SM_CXEDGE"),
TEXT ("3-D border width"),
SM_CYEDGE, TEXT ("SM_CYEDGE"),
TEXT ("3-D border height"),
SM_CXMINSPACING, TEXT ("SM_CXMINSPACING"),
TEXT ("Minimized window spacing width"),
SM_CYMINSPACING, TEXT ("SM_CYMINSPACING"),
TEXT ("Minimized window spacing height"),
SM_CXSMICON, TEXT ("SM_CXSMICON"),
TEXT ("Small icon width"),
SM_CYSMICON, TEXT ("SM_CYSMICON"),
TEXT ("Small icon height"),
SM_CYSMCAPTION, TEXT ("SM_CYSMCAPTION"),
TEXT ("Small caption height"),
SM_CXSMSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CXSMSIZE"),
TEXT ("Small caption button width"),
SM_CYSMSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CYSMSIZE"),
TEXT ("Small caption button height"),
SM_CXMENUSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CXMENUSIZE"),
TEXT ("Menu bar button width"),
SM_CYMENUSIZE, TEXT ("SM_CYMENUSIZE"),
TEXT ("Menu bar button height"),
SM_ARRANGE, TEXT ("SM_ARRANGE"),
TEXT ("How minimized windows arranged"),
SM_CXMINIMIZED, TEXT ("SM_CXMINIMIZED"),
TEXT ("Minimized window width"),
SM_CYMINIMIZED, TEXT ("SM_CYMINIMIZED"),
TEXT ("Minimized window height"),
SM_CXMAXTRACK, TEXT ("SM_CXMAXTRACK"),
TEXT ("Maximum draggable width"),
SM_CYMAXTRACK, TEXT ("SM_CYMAXTRACK"),
TEXT ("Maximum draggable height"),
SM_CXMAXIMIZED, TEXT ("SM_CXMAXIMIZED"),
TEXT ("Width of maximized window"),
SM_CYMAXIMIZED, TEXT ("SM_CYMAXIMIZED"),
TEXT ("Height of maximized window"),
SM_NETWORK, TEXT ("SM_NETWORK"),
TEXT ("Network present flag"),
SM_CLEANBOOT, TEXT ("SM_CLEANBOOT"),
TEXT ("How system was booted"),
SM_CXDRAG, TEXT ("SM_CXDRAG"),
TEXT ("Avoid drag x tolerance"),
SM_CYDRAG, TEXT ("SM_CYDRAG"),
TEXT ("Avoid drag y tolerance"),
SM_SHOWSOUNDS, TEXT ("SM_SHOWSOUNDS"),
TEXT ("Present sounds visually"),
SM_CXMENUCHECK, TEXT ("SM_CXMENUCHECK"),
TEXT ("Menu check-mark width"),
SM_CYMENUCHECK, TEXT ("SM_CYMENUCHECK"),
TEXT ("Menu check-mark height"),
SM_SLOWMACHINE, TEXT ("SM_SLOWMACHINE"),
TEXT ("Slow processor flag"),
SM_MIDEASTENABLED, TEXT ("SM_MIDEASTENABLED"),
TEXT ("Hebrew and Arabic enabled flag"),
SM_MOUSEWHEELPRESENT, TEXT ("SM_MOUSEWHEELPRESENT"),
TEXT ("Mouse wheel present flag"),
SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Virtual screen x origin"),
SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Virtual screen y origin"),
SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Virtual screen width"),
SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN, TEXT ("SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN"),
TEXT ("Virtual screen height"),
SM_CMONITORS, TEXT ("SM_CMONITORS"),
TEXT ("Number of monitors"),
SM_SAMEDISPLAYFORMAT, TEXT ("SM_SAMEDISPLAYFORMAT"),
TEXT ("Same color format flag")
} ;
客户区的尺寸:
使用 GetClientRect 函数来获取客户区的大小。但每次窗口发生变化都需要就显得没有效率。
更好的方法是在窗口过程处理 WM_SIZE 消息时获取窗口的窗户区的大小。当窗口的大小发生变化时,Windows会向窗口过程发送一条WM_SIZE消息。
相应的 lParam变量的低位字是客户区的宽度,而高位字是高度。
case WM_SIZE:
cxClient = LOWORD(lParam); //static int cxClient,cyClient;
cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
return 0;
在WM_SIZE消息之后经常会有一个WM_PAINT消息。因为窗口类定义的风格:CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW 窗口水平、垂直发生变化重绘。