第四章 文本输出(1.文本显示)

client  顾客;当事人;诉讼委托人;[计算机]客户端

 

窗口过程可以通过调用 InvalidateRect 函数来强制使自己的客户区中的一个矩形失效。可以通过调用GetUpdateRect函数来获取无效区域坐标。

也可以通过调用 ValidateRect 函数来使客户区中任意的矩形变得有效。

常用的字符输出函数格式:

TextOut (hdc, x, y, psText, iLength);

TextOut函数向窗口的客户区输出一个字符串。

hdc  :设备环境句柄

x, y 定义了字符串在客户区中的开始位置。

第三个参数:psText 是指向字符串的指针,

第四个参数:iLength 是字符串的长度(以字符为单位)

设备环境中的某些值是图形“属性”。这些属性决定了GDI绘图函数的工作细节。

例如在TextOut函数中,设备环境的属性决定着文本的颜色、文本背景的颜色、函数的参数x,y如何映射到窗口的客户区,以及WINDOWS用什么字体显示文本。

获取设备环境(一)

hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd, &ps);
[使用GDI函数]
EndPaint(hwnd,&ps);

这种方法在处理WM_PAINT消息时使用。用到了两个函数:BeginPaint 和 EndPaint

这两个函数需要两个参数:一个是窗口的句柄,这是窗口消息处理过程的参数;

另一个是一个类型为PAINTSTRUCT结构的变量的地址。

在处理WM_PAINT消息时,窗口过程首先调用BeginPaint 函数。这个函数通常会擦去无效区域的背景以便绘图。它同时还会填充ps结构的各个字段。

函数的返回值就是一个设备环境句柄

typedef struct tagPAINTSTRUCT { 
HDC hdc; 
BOOL fErase; 
RECT rcPaint; 
BOOL fRestore; 
BOOL fIncUpdate; 
BYTE rgbReserved[32]; 
} PAINTSTRUCT;

程序只能使用前三个字段,其他的供Windows内部使用。

PAINTSTRUCT结构中的rcPaint字段定义了无效矩形的边界,这4个字段以像素为单位的,并相对于客户区的左上角。

通常WINDOWS收到WM_PAINT会重绘整个客户区而不管rcPaint结构的值如何

获取设备环境(二)

在处理非WM_PAINT消息时使用,

hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
[使用GDI函数]
ReleaseDC(hwnd,hdc);

与从BnginPaint函数返回的设备环境句柄不同,从GetDC返回的设备环境句柄中的裁剪矩形是整个客户区。

GetDC不会将无效区域有效化。

但可以调用函数:ValidateRect(hwnd, NULL);

通常,GetDC 和 ReleaseDC函数用于处理键盘消息或者鼠标消息

GetDC返回的是窗口客户区的设备环境句柄,GetWindowDC返回的则是整个窗口的设备环境句柄。例如,程序可以使用从GetWindowDC返回的设备环境句柄在窗口的标题栏输出,相应的,程序也必须要处理WM_NCPAINT(非客户区绘制)消息。

调用 GetSystemMetrics 函数来获取用户界面的尺寸,返回值是一个整数

同样调用 GetTextMetrics 函数可以获取字体尺寸,它需要一个设备环境句柄,因为它会返回该设备环境中当前选定的字体的信息。

Windows将把字符尺寸的各种值复制到类型为TEXTMETRIC的结构中,该结构在WINGDI.H头文件中定义,有20个字段,但我们只关心其中前7个;

typedef struct tagTEXTMETRIC { 
  LONG tmHeight; 
  LONG tmAscent; 
  LONG tmDescent; 
  LONG tmInternalLeading; 
  LONG tmExternalLeading; 
  LONG tmAveCharWidth; 
  LONG tmMaxCharWidth; 
  LONG tmWeight; 
  LONG tmOverhang; 
  LONG tmDigitizedAspectX; 
  LONG tmDigitizedAspectY; 
  TCHAR tmFirstChar; 
  TCHAR tmLastChar; 
  TCHAR tmDefaultChar; 
  TCHAR tmBreakChar; 
  BYTE tmItalic; 
  BYTE tmUnderlined; 
  BYTE tmStruckOut; 
  BYTE tmPitchAndFamily; 
  BYTE tmCharSet; 
} TEXTMETRIC, *PTEXTMETRIC; 
这些字段的值的单位取决于设备环境中当前选定的映射模式。默认的映射模式是 MM_TEXT ,所以它们的值是以像素为单位的。

第四章 文本输出(1.文本显示)_第1张图片

TEXTMETRICS结构中的另一个字段是tmExternalLeading是设计者建议在两行文字之间留出的空间大小。

文本的格式化:Windows运行时,系统字体不会变化。因此,应用程序只需要调用一次GetTextMetrics函数。最好的时机是在窗口过程处理WM_CREATE消息时。WM_CREATE消息是窗口过程收到的第一条消息。

#define WINVER 0x0500   //一个版本标号  
#include 
#include "sysmets.h"

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
     static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("SysMets1") ;
     HWND         hwnd ;
     MSG          msg ;
     WNDCLASS     wndclass ;

     wndclass.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
     wndclass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc ;
     wndclass.cbClsExtra    = 0 ;
     wndclass.cbWndExtra    = 0 ;
     wndclass.hInstance     = hInstance ;
     wndclass.hIcon         = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
     wndclass.hCursor       = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
     wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
     wndclass.lpszMenuName  = NULL ;
     wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;

     RegisterClass (&wndclass);

     hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT ("Get System Metrics No. 1"),
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;

     ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
     UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;

     while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
     {
          TranslateMessage (&msg) ;
          DispatchMessage (&msg) ;
     }
     return msg.wParam ;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
     static int  cxChar, cxCaps, cyChar ;
     HDC         hdc ;
     int         i ;
     PAINTSTRUCT ps ;
     TCHAR       szBuffer [10] ;
     TEXTMETRIC  tm ;

     switch (message)
     {
     case WM_CREATE:
          hdc = GetDC (hwnd) ;

          GetTextMetrics (hdc, &tm) ;  //获取系统字体属性并保存在tm前7个字段中
          cxChar = tm.tmAveCharWidth ;
          cxCaps = (tm.tmPitchAndFamily & 1 ? 3 : 2) * cxChar / 2 ;//tmPitchAndFamily决定低位是否为等宽字体:1代表变宽字体,0代表等宽字体
          cyChar = tm.tmHeight + tm.tmExternalLeading ;

          ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc) ;
          return 0 ;

     case WM_PAINT :
          hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;

          for (i = 0 ; i < NUMLINES ; i++)
          {
               TextOut (hdc, 0, cyChar * i,                      
                        sysmetrics[i].szLabel,
                        lstrlen (sysmetrics[i].szLabel)) ;

               TextOut (hdc, 22 * cxCaps, cyChar * i,      
                        sysmetrics[i].szDesc,
                        lstrlen (sysmetrics[i].szDesc)) ;

               SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_RIGHT | TA_TOP) ;		//相对右上角对齐方式

               TextOut (hdc, 22 * cxCaps + 40 * cxChar, cyChar * i, szBuffer,
                    wsprintf (szBuffer, TEXT ("%5d"),
                GetSystemMetrics (sysmetrics[i].iIndex))) ; //TextOut 最后一个参数:为字符串的长度,而wsprintf正好返回值为字符串的长度。

               SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_LEFT | TA_TOP) ;		//取消右上角对齐方式
          }
          EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
          return 0 ;

     case WM_DESTROY :
          PostQuitMessage (0) ;
          return 0 ;
     }
     return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}

**************************   sysmets.h     *************************

#define NUMLINES ((int) (sizeof sysmetrics / sizeof sysmetrics [0]))

struct
{ 
     int     iIndex ;
     TCHAR * szLabel ;
     TCHAR * szDesc ;
}
sysmetrics [] =
{
     SM_CXSCREEN,             TEXT ("SM_CXSCREEN"),              
                              TEXT ("Screen width in pixels"),
     SM_CYSCREEN,             TEXT ("SM_CYSCREEN"),              
                              TEXT ("Screen height in pixels"),
     SM_CXVSCROLL,            TEXT ("SM_CXVSCROLL"),             
                              TEXT ("Vertical scroll width"),
     SM_CYHSCROLL,            TEXT ("SM_CYHSCROLL"),             
                              TEXT ("Horizontal scroll height"),
     SM_CYCAPTION,            TEXT ("SM_CYCAPTION"),             
                              TEXT ("Caption bar height"),
     SM_CXBORDER,             TEXT ("SM_CXBORDER"),              
                              TEXT ("Window border width"),
     SM_CYBORDER,             TEXT ("SM_CYBORDER"),              
                              TEXT ("Window border height"),
     SM_CXFIXEDFRAME,         TEXT ("SM_CXFIXEDFRAME"),          
                              TEXT ("Dialog window frame width"),
     SM_CYFIXEDFRAME,         TEXT ("SM_CYFIXEDFRAME"),          
                              TEXT ("Dialog window frame height"),
     SM_CYVTHUMB,             TEXT ("SM_CYVTHUMB"),              
                              TEXT ("Vertical scroll thumb height"),
     SM_CXHTHUMB,             TEXT ("SM_CXHTHUMB"),              
                              TEXT ("Horizontal scroll thumb width"),
     SM_CXICON,               TEXT ("SM_CXICON"),                
                              TEXT ("Icon width"),
     SM_CYICON,               TEXT ("SM_CYICON"),                
                              TEXT ("Icon height"),
     SM_CXCURSOR,             TEXT ("SM_CXCURSOR"),              
                              TEXT ("Cursor width"),
     SM_CYCURSOR,             TEXT ("SM_CYCURSOR"),              
                              TEXT ("Cursor height"),
     SM_CYMENU,               TEXT ("SM_CYMENU"),                
                              TEXT ("Menu bar height"),
     SM_CXFULLSCREEN,         TEXT ("SM_CXFULLSCREEN"),          
                              TEXT ("Full screen client area width"),
     SM_CYFULLSCREEN,         TEXT ("SM_CYFULLSCREEN"),          
                              TEXT ("Full screen client area height"),
     SM_CYKANJIWINDOW,        TEXT ("SM_CYKANJIWINDOW"),         
                              TEXT ("Kanji window height"),
     SM_MOUSEPRESENT,         TEXT ("SM_MOUSEPRESENT"),          
                              TEXT ("Mouse present flag"),
     SM_CYVSCROLL,            TEXT ("SM_CYVSCROLL"),             
                              TEXT ("Vertical scroll arrow height"),
     SM_CXHSCROLL,            TEXT ("SM_CXHSCROLL"),             
                              TEXT ("Horizontal scroll arrow width"),
     SM_DEBUG,                TEXT ("SM_DEBUG"),                 
                              TEXT ("Debug version flag"),
     SM_SWAPBUTTON,           TEXT ("SM_SWAPBUTTON"),            
                              TEXT ("Mouse buttons swapped flag"),
     SM_CXMIN,                TEXT ("SM_CXMIN"),                 
                              TEXT ("Minimum window width"),
     SM_CYMIN,                TEXT ("SM_CYMIN"),                 
                              TEXT ("Minimum window height"),
     SM_CXSIZE,               TEXT ("SM_CXSIZE"),                
                              TEXT ("Min/Max/Close button width"),
     SM_CYSIZE,               TEXT ("SM_CYSIZE"),                
                              TEXT ("Min/Max/Close button height"),
     SM_CXSIZEFRAME,          TEXT ("SM_CXSIZEFRAME"),           
                              TEXT ("Window sizing frame width"),
     SM_CYSIZEFRAME,          TEXT ("SM_CYSIZEFRAME"),           
                              TEXT ("Window sizing frame height"),
     SM_CXMINTRACK,           TEXT ("SM_CXMINTRACK"),            
                              TEXT ("Minimum window tracking width"),
     SM_CYMINTRACK,           TEXT ("SM_CYMINTRACK"),            
                              TEXT ("Minimum window tracking height"),
     SM_CXDOUBLECLK,          TEXT ("SM_CXDOUBLECLK"),           
                              TEXT ("Double click x tolerance"),
     SM_CYDOUBLECLK,          TEXT ("SM_CYDOUBLECLK"),           
                              TEXT ("Double click y tolerance"),
     SM_CXICONSPACING,        TEXT ("SM_CXICONSPACING"),         
                              TEXT ("Horizontal icon spacing"),
     SM_CYICONSPACING,        TEXT ("SM_CYICONSPACING"),         
                              TEXT ("Vertical icon spacing"),
     SM_MENUDROPALIGNMENT,    TEXT ("SM_MENUDROPALIGNMENT"),     
                              TEXT ("Left or right menu drop"),
     SM_PENWINDOWS,           TEXT ("SM_PENWINDOWS"),            
                              TEXT ("Pen extensions installed"),
     SM_DBCSENABLED,          TEXT ("SM_DBCSENABLED"),           
                              TEXT ("Double-Byte Char Set enabled"),
     SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS,        TEXT ("SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS"),         
                              TEXT ("Number of mouse buttons"),
     SM_SECURE,               TEXT ("SM_SECURE"),                
                              TEXT ("Security present flag"),
     SM_CXEDGE,               TEXT ("SM_CXEDGE"),                
                              TEXT ("3-D border width"),
     SM_CYEDGE,               TEXT ("SM_CYEDGE"),                
                              TEXT ("3-D border height"),
     SM_CXMINSPACING,         TEXT ("SM_CXMINSPACING"),          
                              TEXT ("Minimized window spacing width"),
     SM_CYMINSPACING,         TEXT ("SM_CYMINSPACING"),          
                              TEXT ("Minimized window spacing height"),
     SM_CXSMICON,             TEXT ("SM_CXSMICON"),              
                              TEXT ("Small icon width"),
     SM_CYSMICON,             TEXT ("SM_CYSMICON"),              
                              TEXT ("Small icon height"),
     SM_CYSMCAPTION,          TEXT ("SM_CYSMCAPTION"),           
                              TEXT ("Small caption height"),
     SM_CXSMSIZE,             TEXT ("SM_CXSMSIZE"),              
                              TEXT ("Small caption button width"),
     SM_CYSMSIZE,             TEXT ("SM_CYSMSIZE"),              
                              TEXT ("Small caption button height"),
     SM_CXMENUSIZE,           TEXT ("SM_CXMENUSIZE"),            
                              TEXT ("Menu bar button width"),
     SM_CYMENUSIZE,           TEXT ("SM_CYMENUSIZE"),            
                              TEXT ("Menu bar button height"),
     SM_ARRANGE,              TEXT ("SM_ARRANGE"),               
                              TEXT ("How minimized windows arranged"),
     SM_CXMINIMIZED,          TEXT ("SM_CXMINIMIZED"),           
                              TEXT ("Minimized window width"),
     SM_CYMINIMIZED,          TEXT ("SM_CYMINIMIZED"),           
                              TEXT ("Minimized window height"),
     SM_CXMAXTRACK,           TEXT ("SM_CXMAXTRACK"),            
                              TEXT ("Maximum draggable width"),
     SM_CYMAXTRACK,           TEXT ("SM_CYMAXTRACK"),            
                              TEXT ("Maximum draggable height"),
     SM_CXMAXIMIZED,          TEXT ("SM_CXMAXIMIZED"),           
                              TEXT ("Width of maximized window"),
     SM_CYMAXIMIZED,          TEXT ("SM_CYMAXIMIZED"),           
                              TEXT ("Height of maximized window"),
     SM_NETWORK,              TEXT ("SM_NETWORK"),               
                              TEXT ("Network present flag"),
     SM_CLEANBOOT,            TEXT ("SM_CLEANBOOT"),             
                              TEXT ("How system was booted"),
     SM_CXDRAG,               TEXT ("SM_CXDRAG"),                
                              TEXT ("Avoid drag x tolerance"),
     SM_CYDRAG,               TEXT ("SM_CYDRAG"),                
                              TEXT ("Avoid drag y tolerance"),
     SM_SHOWSOUNDS,           TEXT ("SM_SHOWSOUNDS"),            
                              TEXT ("Present sounds visually"),
     SM_CXMENUCHECK,          TEXT ("SM_CXMENUCHECK"),           
                              TEXT ("Menu check-mark width"),
     SM_CYMENUCHECK,          TEXT ("SM_CYMENUCHECK"),           
                              TEXT ("Menu check-mark height"),
     SM_SLOWMACHINE,          TEXT ("SM_SLOWMACHINE"),           
                              TEXT ("Slow processor flag"),
     SM_MIDEASTENABLED,       TEXT ("SM_MIDEASTENABLED"),        
                              TEXT ("Hebrew and Arabic enabled flag"),
     SM_MOUSEWHEELPRESENT,    TEXT ("SM_MOUSEWHEELPRESENT"),     
                              TEXT ("Mouse wheel present flag"),
     SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN,       TEXT ("SM_XVIRTUALSCREEN"),        
                              TEXT ("Virtual screen x origin"),
     SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN,       TEXT ("SM_YVIRTUALSCREEN"),        
                              TEXT ("Virtual screen y origin"),
     SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN,      TEXT ("SM_CXVIRTUALSCREEN"),       
                              TEXT ("Virtual screen width"),
     SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN,      TEXT ("SM_CYVIRTUALSCREEN"),       
                              TEXT ("Virtual screen height"),
     SM_CMONITORS,            TEXT ("SM_CMONITORS"),             
                              TEXT ("Number of monitors"),
     SM_SAMEDISPLAYFORMAT,    TEXT ("SM_SAMEDISPLAYFORMAT"),     
                              TEXT ("Same color format flag")
} ;


客户区的尺寸:

使用 GetClientRect 函数来获取客户区的大小。但每次窗口发生变化都需要就显得没有效率。

更好的方法是在窗口过程处理 WM_SIZE 消息时获取窗口的窗户区的大小。当窗口的大小发生变化时,Windows会向窗口过程发送一条WM_SIZE消息。

相应的 lParam变量的低位字是客户区的宽度,而高位字是高度。

case WM_SIZE:
         cxClient = LOWORD(lParam); 		//static int cxClient,cyClient; 
        cyClient = HIWORD(lParam);
        return 0;

在WM_SIZE消息之后经常会有一个WM_PAINT消息。因为窗口类定义的风格:CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW  窗口水平、垂直发生变化重绘。

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