PP2-test1-1

对12

1.James Boswell`s Life of Samuel Johnson is generally thought to have established Boswell as the first great modern biographer; yet the claim of _____ could be made for Johnson himself as author of a life of Richard Savage.

 

7.A portrait type that appeared with relentless frequency in eighteenth-century England is the familiar image of a gentleman poised with one hand inside his partially unbuttoned waistcoat. Standard interpretations of this portrait posture offer observations of correspondence-demonstrating either that it mirrors actual social behavior or that it borrows from classical statuary. Such explanations, however, illuminate neither the source of this curious convention nor the reason for its popularity, it is true that in real life the "hand-in" was a common stance（这里是姿势）for elite men. Still, there were other ways of comporting the body that did not become winning portrait formulas.

这里就是说，姿势不只这一个

And even if the "hand-in" portrait does resemble certain classical statues, what accounts for the adoption of this particular pose?

注意这里所体现的层次，首先就是说这个传统的来源，第二为啥采用了这一个，而不是其他

Which of the following might provide an explanation for the popularity of hand-in portraits that would satisfy the author of the passage?

这里是相当于作者

An eighteenth-century English etiquette manual discussing the social implications of the "hand-in" stance

A comprehensive catalogue of eighteenth-century English portraits that showed what proportion of portraits depicted gentlemen in the "hand-in" stance

这个还是讲的popular

A passage from an eighteenth-century English novel in which a gentlemen considers what stance to adopt when his portrait is painted这个解释了为什么是这个特别的姿势

 

8.Recently an usually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most of these had abnormally high tissue concentrations of certain compounds that, even in low concentrations, reduce dolphins` resistance to infection. The only source of these compounds in the dolphins` environment is boat paint. Therefore, since dolphins rid their bodies of the compounds rapidly once exposure ceases, their mortality rate should decline rapidly if such boat paints are banned.

这个论断所关注的点就是这个compound 使得dolphins死了，所以strengthen 就是要选这个compound 怎样就无效的

The compounds break down into harmless substances after a few months of exposure to water or air.这里的理解是，如果这个compound 分解了，dolphin 就更不会暴露在这些化合物之下了

其实应当关注这个argument所涉及的几个词

In high concentrations, the compounds are toxic to many types of marine animals.这个选项就不是很相关，并不是直接提到的这个argument 所涉及的原因

 

9-12

The work of English writer Aphra Behn(1640-1689)changed markedly during the 1680s, as she turned from writing plays to writing prose narratives. According to literary critic Rachel Carnell, most scholars view this change as primarily motivated by financial considerations: earning a living by writing for the theatre became more difficult in the 1680s, so Behn tried various other types of prose genres in the hope of finding another lucrative medium. In fact, a long epistolary scandal novel that she wrote in the mid-1680s sold quite well. Yet, as Carnell notes, Behn did not repeat this approach in her other prose works; instead, she turned to writing shorter, more serious novels, even though only about half of these were published during her lifetime Carnell argues that Behn, whose stage productions are primarily comedies, may have turned to an emerging literary form, the novel, in a conscious attempt to criticize, and subvert for her own ends, the conventions and ideology of a well-established form of her day, the dramatic tragedy.

注意这一部分在解释Behn的change

Carnell acknowledges that Behn admired the skill of such contemporary writers of dramatic tragedy as John Dryden, and that Behn`s own comic stage productions displayed the same partisanship for the reigning Stuart monarchy that characterized most of the politically oriented dramatic tragedies of her day.

前面讲了相似

However, Carnell argues that Behn took issue with the way in which these writers and plays defined the nature of tragedy. As prescribed by Dryden, tragedy was supposed to concern a heroic man who is a public figure and who undergoes a fall that evokes pity from the audience, Carnell points out that Behn`s tragic novels focus instead on the plight of little-known women and the private world of the household; even in her few novels featuring protagonists, Behn insists on the importance of the crimes these otherwise heroic figures commit in the domestic sphere. 第一个不同focus 的点不一样

Moreover, according to Carnell, Behn questioned the view promulgated by monarchist dramatic tragedies such as Dryden`s: that the envisioned "public" political ideal-passive obedience to the nation`s king-ought to be mirrored in the private sphere, with family members wholly obedient to a male head of household. Carnell sees Behn`s novels not only as rejecting the model of patriarchal and hierarchical family order, but also as warning that insisting on such a parallel can result in real tragedy befalling the members of the domestic sphere.

这一部分有点总结的意思

According to Carnell, Behn`s choice of literary form underscores the differences between her own approach to crafting a tragic story and that taken in the dramatic tragedies, with their artificial distinction between the public and private spheres.注意这个小分句是说的dramatic tragedies的特点

practice utilized in dramatic tragedies of providing different structural models for the public and the private spheres这个选项错的很直接

assumption made by the authors of conventional dramatic tragedies that legitimate tragic action occurs only in the public sphere这个就是说的focus 的点

这一段层次最后有点合起来了

Behn`s novels engage in the political dialogue of her era by demonstrating that the good of the nation ultimately encompasses more than (不单单是)the good of the public figures who rule it.

这里基本就是在说public 和 private 但是Behn认为不能简单replicate

Actions in the private sphere are more fundamental to ensuring the good of the nation than are actions in the public sphere这种设置错误选项的方式，虚假对比

presenting one scholar`s explanation for a major development (这里对应原文中的change)in Behn`s literary career

contrasting the approaches to tragedy taken by Behn and by Dryden

如果一个人写这个主题就很有可能不提第一段了

The passage suggests that Carnell sees Behn`s novels featuring male protagonists as differing from dramatic tragedies such as Dryden`s featuring male protagonists in that the former

注意原文中提到的是private world 和domestic sphere

depict family members who disobey these protagonists这个就是在扯

 

17.Extensive housing construction is underway in Pataska Forest, the habitat of a large population of deer. Because deer feed at the edges of forests, these deer will be attracted to the spaces alongside the new roads being cut through Pataska Forest to serve the new residential areas. Consequently, once the housing is occupied, the annual number of the forest's deer hit by cars will be much higher than before construction started.

Deer will be as attracted to the forest edge around new houses as to the forest edge alongside roads.

是在路边被撞死的，所以这个吸引到了房子旁是不对的

The development will leave sufficient forest to sustain a significant population of deer.

文章基于的假设就是说，被撞的机会多了，同时deer的数量没有减少

 

20.Historian F. W. Maitland observed that legal documents are the best-indeed, often the only-available evidence about the economic and social history of a given period. Why, then, has it taken so long for historians to focus systematically on the civil (noncriminal) law of early modern (sixteenth-to eighteenth-century) England? Maitland offered one reason: the subject requires researchers to "master an extremely formal system of pleading and procedure"

Yet the complexities that confront those who would study such materials are not wholly different from those recently surmounted by historians of criminal law in England during the same period.

这里就一句话提到了比较 criminal的复杂性被最近解决了，所以，criminal law 研究的更深入

这里的逻辑是这样的，这里是第一个提到为啥这个civil law 系统研究的如此晚，这里说因为要求多，但是这个yet 的转折是说明complexities并不是问题，这里提到criminal law 就是反例

is more relevant to general social history 这个选项就是明显根据下文的无中生有

 Another possible explanation for historians` neglect of the subject is their widespread assumption that most people in early modern England had little contact with civil law. If that were so, the history of legal matters would be of little relevance to general historical scholarship. But recent research suggests that civil litigation during the period involved artisans, merchants, professionals, shopkeepers, and farmers, and not merely a narrow, propertied, male elite. Moreover, the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries saw an extraordinary explosion in civil litigation by both women and men, making this the most litigious era in English history on a per capita basis.

The passage suggests that the history of criminal law in early modern England differs from the history of civil law during that same period in that the history of criminal law

注意这里的比较对象

错1

注意算加法600+600=1200

30*50=1500

所以后者大 

-----------------------------------分割线-----------------------------------------------

 

6.This book`s strengths are the author`s breadth of knowledge and the blending of ideas and findings from many disciplines, including history, the arts and the sciences. Ideas from diverse perspectives are (i)_____to provide a historical and cross-cultural understanding. But a weakness of the book is its (ii)_____:（这是一种组织方式） sometimes there are leaps from one domain to another that (iii)____（实际上是需要一个负向词的）_(这里相当于削弱了能力) the reader`s ability to synthesize a coherent view of our current understanding of this subject.

应该这样讲，就是说现在能不能做对一个题目更多的是在于对于一个词的理解是否到位

或许你可以用字典上的例子来区分一下

Intensity这个词多少有一定的程度比较

 

Undercut (to undermine or destroy the force, value, or effectiveness of)

exaggerate to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth 有点overstate 的意思

8

阅读这一篇层次比较简单，下面这个句子的结构要清晰一点

In 2006 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a review of studies on seafood consumption, concluding that eating seafood reduces the risk of heart disease but judging the studies too inconsistent to decide if omega-3 fats were responsible. 

注意这里两个分词是并列的

seafood is a significant enough source of omega-3 fatty acids for its consumption to affect human health

争论点不是source, 而是if omega-3 fats were responsible.

the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids was responsible for observed reductions in the risk of heart disease

14 18

注意这个词

Censor（ to suppress or delete as objectionable）

suppress （to stop or prohibit the publication or revelation of）

practices （the usual way of doing something）

这个词侧重的是做事情的一种方式

而attempt 侧重try的感觉

 

8.How many different two-digit positive integers are there in which the tens digit is greater than 6 and the units digit is less than 4 ?这里是说的个位比4小，因此是0123和789

所以12种

另外的话在模拟的时候，一篇文章对应的题数是可以看出来的

16

注意这个表述是卖出的占存储的多少

 就是要看懂这个比例

17

注意这个1-1/101=100/101 

18. Another possible explanation for historians` neglect of the subject is their widespread assumption that most people in early modern England had little contact with civil law. If that were so（注意这种说法，这里是说如果是真的，就会这样）, the history of legal matters would be of little relevance to general historical scholarship. (要注意这个but解释的什么，应该是对应的another possible explanation, 还是证明了没有这个事实，是要证明主要的) But recent research suggests that civil litigation during the period involved artisans, merchants, professionals, shopkeepers, and farmers, and not merely a narrow, propertied, male elite. Moreover, the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries saw an extraordinary explosion in civil litigation by both women and men, making this the most litigious era in English history on a per capita basis.

counter the claim that issues reveal more about a country`s ordinary citizens（这就不对） than about its elite

实际counter的是那个widespread assumption

 

12

 

The work of English writer Aphra Behn(1640-1689)changed markedly during the 1680s, as she turned from writing plays to writing prose narratives. According to literary critic Rachel Carnell, most scholars view this change as primarily motivated by financial considerations: earning a living by writing for the theatre became more difficult in the 1680s, so Behn tried various other types of prose genres in the hope of finding another lucrative medium. In fact, a long epistolary scandal novel that she wrote in the mid-1680s sold quite well. Yet, as Carnell notes, Behn did not repeat this approach in her other prose works; instead, she turned to writing shorter, more serious novels, even though only about half of these were published during her lifetime Carnell argues that Behn, whose stage productions are primarily comedies, may have turned to an emerging literary form, the novel, in a conscious attempt to criticize, and subvert for her own ends, the conventions and ideology of a well-established form of her day, the dramatic tragedy. Carnell acknowledges that Behn admired the skill of such contemporary writers of dramatic tragedy as John Dryden, and that Behn`s own comic stage productions displayed the same partisanship for the reigning Stuart monarchy that characterized most of the politically oriented dramatic tragedies of her day. However, Carnell argues that Behn took issue with the way in which these writers and plays defined the nature of tragedy. As prescribed by Dryden, tragedy was supposed to concern a heroic man who is a public figure and who undergoes a fall that evokes pity from the audience, Carnell points out that Behn`s tragic novels focus instead on the plight of little-known women and the private world of the household; even in her few novels featuring protagonists, Behn insists on the importance of the crimes these otherwise heroic figures commit in the domestic sphere. Moreover, according to Carnell, Behn questioned the view promulgated by monarchist dramatic tragedies such as Dryden`s: that the envisioned "public" political ideal-passive obedience to the nation`s king-ought to be mirrored in the private sphere, with family members wholly obedient to a male head of household. Carnell sees Behn`s novels not only as rejecting the model of patriarchal and hierarchical family order, but also as warning that insisting on such a parallel can result in real tragedy befalling the members of the domestic sphere. According to Carnell, Behn`s choice of literary form underscores the differences between her own approach to crafting a tragic story and that taken in the dramatic tragedies, with their artificial distinction between the public and private spheres. Behn`s novels engage in the political dialogue of her era by demonstrating that the good of the nation ultimately encompasses more than the good of the public figures who rule it.

 

assumption made by the authors of conventional dramatic tragedies that legitimate tragic action occurs only in the public sphere

这里是指的第二段的第一点

practice utilized in dramatic tragedies of providing different structural models for the public and the private spheres这个与第二点反

14.The dog`s appearance of _____ became increasingly irritating, his whines became more wheedling, his manner more imploring. 还是要根据这个意思

Contentment gratification这两个选项主要和后面对不上

2. Although grandiose urban railroad stations are often viewed as glorious monuments to their cities, they in fact _____（选一个负向，意思说的通的） the cities by enabling the migration of city dwellers to the suburbs.

 

逻辑反向，然后意思讲的通就可以

3. The Parisian Ecole des Beaux-Arts(school of Fine Arts)was (i) _____ many nineteenth-and twentieth century artists, so that by 1930 the associated term "academic art" had become a (ii) _____.

这个属于要选同义词的，当然也有根据逻辑选反义词的，就是说这个时候不一定要符合最初所想，关键是要讲通这个逻辑

4. Moore was (i)_____（这一个空对应后面的感觉） ill at ease. His (ii)_____ had always been a distinguishing feature. It was what made him a good con artist and a good informant. He was one of those men who accepted dares with an easygoing smile and did outrageous things with (iii)_____ (首先是方向，其次是意思)that made him successful in the dangerous world in which he operated. But just now he was not feeling very sure of himself.

5. The journalism professor`s first lecture tackled (i)_____ itself, challenging the journalistic trope that an article has to represent all sides-no matter how marginal-equally.(这一部分很关键，首先这种equally是体现客观的) Instead, the professor argued that this impulse（上一个部分的paraphrase） to (ii)_____ even obviously (iii)_____ views in order to furnish opposing perspectives is harmful to basic accuracy.

6. An esteemed literary critic, Mr. Wood has put together a (i)_____ (这个形容词相当于根据后面的解释选的)volume about literary technique, his playful exuberance (ii)_____ the dry, jargon-strewn tradition of academic criticism. Mr. Wood can`t claim to be (iii) _____; he has restricted himself to citations available in his personal library. Nor does he attempt to be methodical, as chapters proceed in higgledy-piggledy fashion. But few books novel writing provide such insights into the craft.

Deft characterized by facility and skill

Comprehensive这个有点远

 

7. Which of the following, if true, would challenge the hypothesis presented in the passage concerning Enceladus and Saturn's E ring?

注意是多选，然后把所有的假设都推掉了

 

8. Select the sentence that points out the significance（这个是说指出了重要性的） of the fact that the particles that make up Saturn`s E ring are susceptible to dispersion.

Saturn's E ring consists of particles so small that they would be dispersed by solar radiation pressure in a few tens of thousands of years.这一句是客观陈述

That the ring exists today suggests, therefore, that it originated in the relatively recent past-but how? 注意这个therefore是有重要意义的因为，提出了新的问题

 

10-11

Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China's Yangtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years. Before this evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Yangtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported). Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. They argue that the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.

 

Yet while most stands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Yangtze drainage, two northern outlier populations were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Yangtze, evidence that the Yangtze wetland may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice's wild ancestor.这个是conclusion

Shishuo

9.Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivation began in the Yangtze River region can point to which of the following for support?

像这种题就直接找到支持者的想法，然后对应一下

 

A Lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Yangtze at an early date直接错

B Lack of evidence regarding the initial stages of rice cultivation in the Yangtze region是的

C Recent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice`s wild ancestor不是支持者说的

D New information regarding the dates of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia太不相关

E New theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture in East Asia对应点

Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the conclusion that the author makes based on the 1984 survey?

首先要知道conclusion是什么，同时基于什么得到的conclusion

原文说都有，注意点是时间

A Areas south of the Yangtze basin currently have less wild-rice habitat than they once did每影响

B Survey since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Yangtze as well as along the middle and lower Yangtze

C The populations of wild rice along the Yangtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relatively recently.

D Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.无关信息

E In East Asia（无关）, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-day geographic range is.

 

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the "southern-origin theory"?

A The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture

B The theory fails to take into account the apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the north is missing.

C The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice`s geographic range时间先后关系

D Reassessment of the dates of some archaeological evidence has undermined support for the theory. 这就是最后一段的作用

E Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Yangtze region provides support for the theory.注意观点是argue之后的部分，前面的类似客观陈述

 

Published in 1829, David Walker`s Appeal delivered a furious indictment of American slavery and racism while articulating the necessity of resisting immoral authority by any means necessary. 注意这个细节

Such resistance should not be limited to spoken and written expressions of dissent.

 

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the prevailing aesthetic views among artists in the United States were shaped by the harsh economic realities of the period,（这一部分是总体上说的）（Their paintings were deeply affected by the economic hardships of the period） when millions of Americans found themselves unemployed or dispossessed Not surprisingly, most artists of this period chose to work in socially oriented styles. （要注意这个however, 并不是反了前面的基调）However, while the Regionalists-led by Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, and John Steuart Curry-embraced a rightist, isolationist ideology, recoiling from the present and seeking to recapture in their paintings America`s agrarian past, the Social Realists-among them William Gropper and Ben Shahn-depicted the condition of workers engaged in a class struggle, both groups built upon（to use as a foundation） earlier traditions in American painting that now assumed a new urgency.

要注意这个不定项不要漏

 

AThe Regionalists were primarily concerned with depicting actual events in history, while the Social Realist were primarily concerned with portraying an idealized future

BThe Regionalists were primarily concerned with the economic ramifications of the Depression, while the Social Realists were primarily concerned with its social ramifications.

CThe Regionalists lacked a sense of urgency, while the Social Realists pressed for change

DThe Regionalists tended to romanticize the past, while the Social Realists depicted the past in harsh terms.

EThe political outlook of the Regionalists tended to be more conservative than that of the Social Realists.