Nginx本身就有缓存功能,能够缓存静态对象,比如图片、CSS、JS等内容直接缓存到本地,下次访问相同对象时,直接从缓存即可,无需访问后端静态服务器以及存储存储服务器,可以替代squid功能。
1 环境准备
我们这里只测试nginx的proxy_cache的缓存功能,所以结构越简单越好,这里我们只需要准备一台nginx的虚拟机即可,如果没有nginx,那么我们可以使用epel源,yum安装一个即可:
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#添加epel源
root@~>> wget -O
/etc/yum
.repos.d
/epel
.repohttp:
//mirrors
.aliyun.com
/repo/epel-6
.repo
#yum安装nginx
root@~>> yum
install
nginx -y
#rpm -ql查看主要配置文件位置
root@~>> rpm -ql nginx
这里为了简单,只使用简单的nginx.conf配置文件:
root@nginx>>
cat
nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes 1;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/var/run/nginx
.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local]"$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent"$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
location / {
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
}
|
启动查看初始界面是否正常:
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root@nginx>> nginx
root@nginx>>
netstat
-tupln|grepnginx
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1043
/nginx
root@nginx>> curl -I 192.168.16.199
HTTP
/1
.1 200 OK
Server: nginx
/1
.0.15
Date: Mon, 14 Sep 2015 09:40:53 GMT
Content-Type: text
/html
Content-Length: 3698
Last-Modified: Tue, 16 Jun 2015 21:34:15GMT
Connection: keep-alive
Accept-Ranges: bytes
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一切正常,首页有2张图片,正好用于实验:
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root@html>> tree
/usr/share/nginx/html/
/usr/share/nginx/html/
|-- 404.html
|-- 50x.html
|-- index.html
|-- nginx-logo.png
`-- poweredby.png
|
至此环境准备完毕。
2 配置cache
2.1 创建目录并挂载tmpfs
nginx的proxy_cache是基于内存和磁盘的缓存,需要指定缓存目录和临时目录:
root@nginx>> mkdir /tmp/{ngx_tmp,ngx_cache}-p
缓存存放于磁盘,磁盘IO会影响缓存的速度,所以我们在将tmpfs挂载于ngx_cache目录上来加速缓存的读取和写入:
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root@nginx>>
mount
-t tmpfs -osize=100M tmpfs
/tmp/ngx_cache
root@nginx>>
mount
|
grep
tmpfs
tmpfs on
/dev/shm
type
tmpfs (rw)
tmpfs on
/tmp/ngx_cache
type
tmpfs (rw,size=100M)
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2.2 配置缓存目录大小以及key空间名
将下面配置放至http标签中:
root@nginx>> grep proxy_cache_pathnginx.conf
proxy_cache_path /tmp/ngx_cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_one:100minactive=1d max_size=5g;
#指定缓存目录,缓存等级,键空间名,键空间大小,失效时间,以及磁盘最大缓存大小
2.3 配置反向代理
首先配置upstream节点池:
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upstream server_pool {
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
}
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在server标签的location段中配置代理:
proxy_pass http://server_pool;
配置8080端口的标签:
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server {
listen 8080;
location / {
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
index index.html index.htm;
}
access_log
/var/log/nginx/access
.log main;
}
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配置proxy_cache相关参数启用缓存:
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proxy_pass http:
//server_pool
;
proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504error timeout invalid_header;
#出错尝试下一个节点
proxy_cache cache_one;
#缓存键空间名
proxy_cache_valid 200 304 12h;
#指定对应状态码的缓存时间
proxy_cache_valid 301 302 1m;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
proxy_cache_key $host$uri$is_args$args;
#指定键key的格式
proxy_set_header Host $host;
#传递主机名给后端节点
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For$remote_addr;
#传递客户端IP给后端节点
expires 1d;
#超期时间
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最终的nginx.conf配置文件如下:
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root@nginx>>
cat
nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes 1;
error_log
/var/log/nginx/error
.log;
pid
/var/run/nginx
.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include
/etc/nginx/mime
.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local]"$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent"$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'
'"addr:$upstream_addr-status:$upstream_status-cachestatus:$upstream_cache_status"'
;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
proxy_cache_path
/tmp/ngx_cache
levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_one:100m inactive=1dmax_size=5g;
upstream server_pool {
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_passhttp:
//server_pool
;
proxy_next_upstreamhttp_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
proxy_cache cache_one;
proxy_cache_valid 200304 12h;
proxy_cache_valid 301302 1m;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
proxy_cache_key$host$uri$is_args$args;
proxy_set_header Host$host;
proxy_set_headerX-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
expires 1d;
}
access_log
/var/log/nginx/cache_access
.log main;
}
server {
listen 8080;
location / {
root
/usr/share/nginx/html
;
index index.htmlindex.htm;
}
}
}
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2.4 配置日志
为了观察缓存的命中状态,我们可以将缓存相关的变量记录在日志中。
定义日志格式:
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log_format main
'$remote_addr - $remote_user[$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent"$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent""$http_x_forwarded_for"'
'"addr:$upstream_addr-status:$upstream_status-cachestatus:$upstream_cache_status"'
;
|
#其中upstream_addr记录分发的后端节点IP;upstream_status记录后端节点返回的状态码;upstream_cache_status记录缓存的命中情况。
在反向代理标签中引用日志:
access_log /var/log/nginx/cache_access.log main;
nginx重新加载配置:
root@nginx>> nginx -s reload
2.5 监测缓存
监测缓存文件的事件
浏览网站:
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root@ngx_cache>> inotifywait -mrq
/tmp/ngx_cache/
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CREATE,ISDIR 6
/tmp/ngx_cache/
OPEN,ISDIR 6
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE,ISDIR6
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CREATE,ISDIR 1
/tmp/ngx_cache/
OPEN,ISDIR 1
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE,ISDIR1
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CREATE,ISDIR 3
/tmp/ngx_cache/
OPEN,ISDIR 3
/tmp/ngx_cache/
CLOSE_NOWRITE,CLOSE,ISDIR3
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/
CREATE,ISDIR fd
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/
OPEN,ISDIR fd
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/CLOSE_NOWRITE
,CLOSE,ISDIR fd
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
CREATEdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3.0000000026
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
OPENdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3.0000000026
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
MODIFYdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3.0000000026
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
CLOSE_WRITE,CLOSEdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3.0000000026
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
MOVED_FROMdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3.0000000026
/tmp/ngx_cache/3/fd/
MOVED_TOdd404cd351f6b9efb072e5806dc2efd3
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说明:有最后几行可知,图片缓存到目录中。
提示:本内容来自老男孩教育运维23期、云计算与DevOps高级架构师课程13期学员笔记
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