- 一、概述
- 二、从demo_app开始
- 三、WSGI中的application
- 四、区分URL
- 五、重构
- 六、参考
一、概述
在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定义了Web服务器与Web应用(或Web框架)之间的标准接口。在WSGI的规范下,各种各样的Web服务器和Web框架都可以很好的交互。
由于WSGI的存在,用Python写一个简单的Web框架也变得非常容易。然而,同很多其他的强大软件一样,要实现一个功能丰富、健壮高效的Web框架并非易事;如果您打算这么做,可能使用一个现成的Web框架(如 Django、Tornado、web.py 等)会是更合适的选择。
本文尝试写一个类似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我承认我夸大其辞了:首先,web.py并不简单;其次,本文只重点实现了 URL调度(URL dispatch)部分。
二、从demo_app开始
首先,作为一个初步体验,我们可以借助 wsgiref.simple_server 来搭建一个简单无比(trivial)的Web应用:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app
-
-
-
- httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app)
-
- sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
-
- print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
-
-
-
- # Respond to requests until process is killed
-
- httpd.serve_forever()
运行脚本:
- $ python code.py
-
- http://0.0.0.0:8086/
打开浏览器,输入http://0.0.0.0:8086/后可以看到:一行”Hello world!” 和 众多环境变量值。
三、WSGI中的application
WSGI中规定:application是一个 可调用对象(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 两个参数,并返回一个 字符串迭代对象。
其中,可调用对象 包括 函数、方法、类 或者 具有__call__方法的 实例;environ 是一个字典对象,包括CGI风格的环境变量(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的变量(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一个可调用对象,它接受两个 常规参数(status,response_headers)和 一个 默认参数(exc_info);字符串迭代对象 可以是 字符串列表、生成器函数 或者 具有__iter__方法的可迭代实例。更多细节参考 Specification Details。
The Application/Framework Side 中给出了一个典型的application实现:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- def simple_app(environ, start_response):
-
- """Simplest possible application object"""
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- start_response(status, response_headers)
-
- return ['Hello world!\n']
现在用simple_app来替换demo_app:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """code.py"""
-
-
-
- from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
-
- from application import simple_app as app
-
-
-
- if __name__ == '__main__':
-
- httpd = make_server('', 8086, app)
-
- sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
-
- print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
-
-
-
- # Respond to requests until process is killed
-
- httpd.serve_forever()
运行脚本code.py后,访问http://0.0.0.0:8086/就可以看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!
四、区分URL
倒腾了一阵子后,您会发现不管如何改变URL中的path部分,得到的响应都是一样的。因为simple_app只识别host+port部分。
为了对URL中的path部分进行区分处理,需要修改application.py的实现。
首先,改用 类 来实现application:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- class my_app:
-
- def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
-
- self.environ = environ
-
- self.start = start_response
-
-
-
- def __iter__(self):
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Hello world!\n"
然后,增加对URL中path部分的区分处理:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- class my_app:
-
- def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
-
- self.environ = environ
-
- self.start = start_response
-
-
-
- def __iter__(self):
-
- path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
-
- if path == "/":
-
- return self.GET_index()
-
- elif path == "/hello":
-
- return self.GET_hello()
-
- else:
-
- return self.notfound()
-
-
-
- def GET_index(self):
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Welcome!\n"
-
-
-
- def GET_hello(self):
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Hello world!\n"
-
-
-
- def notfound(self):
-
- status = '404 Not Found'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Not Found\n"
修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app,用my_app来替换simple_app后即可体验效果。
五、重构
上面的代码虽然奏效,但是在编码风格和灵活性方面有很多问题,下面逐步对其进行重构。
1、正则匹配URL
消除URL硬编码,增加URL调度的灵活性:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- import re ##########修改点
-
-
-
- class my_app:
-
-
-
- urls = (
-
- ("/", "index"),
-
- ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
-
- ) ##########修改点
-
-
-
- def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
-
- self.environ = environ
-
- self.start = start_response
-
-
-
- def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
-
- path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
-
- method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
-
-
-
- for pattern, name in self.urls:
-
- m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
-
- if m:
-
- # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
-
- args = m.groups()
-
- funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
-
- if hasattr(self, funcname):
-
- func = getattr(self, funcname)
-
- return func(*args)
-
-
-
- return self.notfound()
-
-
-
- def GET_index(self):
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Welcome!\n"
-
-
-
- def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
-
- status = '200 OK'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Hello %s!\n" % name
-
-
-
- def notfound(self):
-
- status = '404 Not Found'
-
- response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-
- self.start(status, response_headers)
-
- yield "Not Found\n"
2、DRY
消除GET_*方法中的重复代码,并且允许它们返回字符串:
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- import re
-
-
-
- class my_app:
-
-
-
- urls = (
-
- ("/", "index"),
-
- ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
-
- )
-
-
-
- def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改点
-
- self.environ = environ
-
- self.start = start_response
-
- self.status = '200 OK'
-
- self._headers = []
-
-
-
- def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
-
- result = self.delegate()
-
- self.start(self.status, self._headers)
-
-
-
- # 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
-
- if isinstance(result, basestring):
-
- return iter([result])
-
- else:
-
- return iter(result)
-
-
-
- def delegate(self): ##########修改点
-
- path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
-
- method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
-
-
-
- for pattern, name in self.urls:
-
- m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
-
- if m:
-
- # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
-
- args = m.groups()
-
- funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
-
- if hasattr(self, funcname):
-
- func = getattr(self, funcname)
-
- return func(*args)
-
-
-
- return self.notfound()
-
-
-
- def header(self, name, value): ##########修改点
-
- self._headers.append((name, value))
-
-
-
- def GET_index(self): ##########修改点
-
- self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Welcome!\n"
-
-
-
- def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
-
- self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Hello %s!\n" % name
-
-
-
- def notfound(self): ##########修改点
-
- self.status = '404 Not Found'
-
- self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Not Found\n"
3、抽象出框架
为了将类my_app抽象成一个独立的框架,需要作出以下修改:
- 剥离出其中的具体处理细节:urls配置 和 GET_*方法(改成在多个类中实现相应的GET方法)
- 把方法header实现为类方法(classmethod),以方便外部作为功能函数调用
- 改用 具有__call__方法的 实例 来实现application
修改后的application.py(最终版本):
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """application.py"""
-
-
-
- import re
-
-
-
- class my_app:
-
- """my simple web framework"""
-
-
-
- headers = []
-
-
-
- def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}):
-
- self._urls = urls
-
- self._fvars = fvars
-
-
-
- def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-
- self._status = '200 OK' # 默认状态OK
-
- del self.headers[:] # 清空上一次的headers
-
-
-
- result = self._delegate(environ)
-
- start_response(self._status, self.headers)
-
-
-
- # 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
-
- if isinstance(result, basestring):
-
- return iter([result])
-
- else:
-
- return iter(result)
-
-
-
- def _delegate(self, environ):
-
- path = environ['PATH_INFO']
-
- method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
-
-
-
- for pattern, name in self._urls:
-
- m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
-
- if m:
-
- # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
-
- args = m.groups()
-
- funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大写(如GET、POST)
-
- klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根据字符串名称查找类对象
-
- if hasattr(klass, funcname):
-
- func = getattr(klass, funcname)
-
- return func(klass(), *args)
-
-
-
- return self._notfound()
-
-
-
- def _notfound(self):
-
- self._status = '404 Not Found'
-
- self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Not Found\n"
-
-
-
- @classmethod
-
- def header(cls, name, value):
-
- cls.headers.append((name, value))
对应修改后的code.py(最终版本):
- #!/usr/bin/env python
-
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
-
- """code.py"""
-
-
-
- from application import my_app
-
-
-
- urls = (
-
- ("/", "index"),
-
- ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
-
- )
-
-
-
- wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals())
-
-
-
- class index:
-
- def GET(self):
-
- my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Welcome!\n"
-
-
-
- class hello:
-
- def GET(self, name):
-
- my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
-
- return "Hello %s!\n" % name
-
-
-
- if __name__ == '__main__':
-
- from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
-
- httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp)
-
-
-
- sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
-
- print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
-
-
-
- # Respond to requests until process is killed
-
- httpd.serve_forever()
当然,您还可以在code.py中配置更多的URL映射,并实现相应的类来对请求作出响应。
六、参考
本文主要参考了 How to write a web framework in Python(作者 anandology 是web.py代码的两位维护者之一,另一位则是大名鼎鼎却英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基础上作了一些调整和修改,并掺杂了自己的一些想法。
如果您还觉得意犹未尽,Why so many Python web frameworks? 也是一篇很好的文章,也许它会让您对Python中Web框架的敬畏之心荡然无存:-)
作者:佚名
来源:51CTO