Vim 插件是一个 .vim 的脚本文件,定义了函数、映射、语法规则和命令,可用于操作窗口、缓冲以及行。一般一个插件包含了命令定义和事件钩子。当使用 Python 编写 vim 插件时,函数外面是使用 VimL 编写,尽管 VimL 学起来很快,但 Python 更加灵活,例如可以用 urllib/httplib/simplejson 来访问某些 Web 服务,这也是为什么很多需要访问 Web 服务的插件都是使用 VimL + Python 编写的原因。


在开始编写插件之前,你需要确认 Vim 支持 Python,通过以下命令来判别:
 

vim --version | grep +python



接下来我们通过一个简单的例子来学习用 Python 编写 Vim 插件,该插件用来获取 Reddit 首页信息并显示在当前缓冲区上。

首先在 Vim 新建 vimmit.vim 文件,我们首先需要判断是否支持 Python,如果不支持给出提示信息:

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if !has( 'python' )
   echo "Error: Required vim compiled with +python"
   finish
endif

上面这段代码就是用 VimL 编写的,它将检查 Vim 是否支持 Python。


下面是用 Python 编写的 Reddit() 主函数:


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" Vim comments start with a double quote.
" Function definition is VimL. We can mix VimL and Python in
" function definition.
function! Reddit()
   
" We start the python code like the next line.
   
python << EOF
# the vim module contains everything we need to interface with vim from
# python. We need urllib2 for the web service consumer.
import vim, urllib2
# we need json for parsing the response
import json
   
# we define a timeout that we'll use in the API call. We don't want
# users to wait much.
TIMEOUT = 20
URL = "codego.net "
   
try :
   # Get the posts and parse the json response
   response = urllib2.urlopen(URL, None , TIMEOUT).read()
   json_response = json.loads(response)
   
   posts = json_response.get( "data" , " ").get(" children ", " ")
   
   # vim.current.buffer is the current buffer. It's list-like object.
   # each line is an item in the list. We can loop through them delete
   # them, alter them etc.
   # Here we delete all lines in the current buffer
   del vim.current. buffer [:]
   
   # Here we append some lines above. Aesthetics.
   vim.current. buffer [ 0 ] = 80 * "-"
   
   for post in posts:
     # In the next few lines, we get the post details
     post_data = post.get( "data" , {})
     up = post_data.get( "ups" , 0 )
     down = post_data.get( "downs" , 0 )
     title = post_data.get( "title" , "NO TITLE" ).encode( "utf-8" )
     score = post_data.get( "score" , 0 )
     permalink = post_data.get( "permalink" ).encode( "utf-8" )
     url = post_data.get( "url" ).encode( "utf-8" )
     comments = post_data.get( "num_comments" )
   
     # And here we append line by line to the buffer.
     # First the upvotes
     vim.current. buffer .append( "↑ %s" % up)
     # Then the title and the url
     vim.current. buffer .append( "  %s [%s]" % (title, url,))
     # Then the downvotes and number of comments
     vim.current. buffer .append( "↓ %s  | comments: %s [%s]" % (down, comments, permalink,))
     # And last we append some "-" for visual appeal.
     vim.current. buffer .append( 80 * "-" )
   
except Exception, e:
   print e
   
EOF
" Here the python code is closed. We can continue writing VimL or python again.
endfunction

使用如下命令保存文件
 

:source vimmit.vim


然后调用该插件:
 

:call Reddit()


这个命令用起来不那么方便,因此我们再定义一个命令:


command! -nargs=0 Reddit call Reddit()


我们定义了命令:Reddit来调用这个函数。-nargs 参数声明命令行中有多少个参数。


关于函数参数的问题:

问:如何访问函数中的参数?

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function! SomeName(arg1, arg2, arg3)
   " Get the first argument by name in VimL
   let firstarg = a:arg1
   
   " Get the second argument by position in Viml
   let secondarg = a: 1
   
   " Get the arguments in python
   
   python << EOF
   import vim
   
   first_argument = vim. eval ( "a:arg1" ) #or vim.eval("a:0")
   second_argument = vim. eval ( "a:arg2" ) #or vim.eval("a:1")

你可以使用 ... 来处理可变个数参数来替换特定的参数名,可通过位置或者命名参数来访问,如:(arg1, arg2, ...)

问:如何在 Python 中调用 Vim 命令?
 

vim.command("[vim-command-here]")


问:如何定义全局变量,并在 VimL 和 Python 中访问?

全局变量使用形如 g:. 的前缀,定义全局变量前应该检查该变量是否已定义:
 


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if !exists( "g:reddit_apicall_timeout" )
   let g:reddit_apicall_timeout = 40
endif

然后你通过下面代码在 Python 中访问这个变量:

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TIMEOUT = vim. eval ( "g:reddit_apicall_timeout" )

可通过下面的方法来对全局变量进行重新赋值:

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let g:reddit_apicall_timeout = 60

更多关于使用 Python 编写 Vim 插件的说明请看官方文档。

codego.net代码节选