(via bang's blog)
续AFNetworking源码解析<一>、 <二>
本篇说说安全相关的AFSecurityPolicy模块,AFSecurityPolicy用于验证HTTPS请求的证书,先来看看HTTPS的原理和证书相关的几个问题。
HTTPS连接建立过程大致是,客户端和服务端建立一个连接,服务端返回一个证书,客户端里存有各个受信任的证书机构根证书,用这些根证书对服务端 返回的证书进行验证,经验证如果证书是可信任的,就生成一个pre-master secret,用这个证书的公钥加密后发送给服务端,服务端用私钥解密后得到pre-master secret,再根据某种算法生成master secret,客户端也同样根据这种算法从pre-master secret生成master secret,随后双方的通信都用这个master secret对传输数据进行加密解密。
以上是简单过程,中间还有很多细节,详细过程和原理已经有很多文章阐述得很好,就不再复述,推荐一些相关文章:
关于非对称加密算法的原理:RSA算法原理<一>、<二>
关于整个流程:HTTPS那些事<一>、<二>、<三>
关于数字证书:浅析数字证书
这里说下一开始我比较费解的两个问题:
1.证书是怎样验证的?怎样保证中间人不能伪造证书?
首先要知道非对称加密算法的特点,非对称加密有一对公钥私钥,用公钥加密的数据只能通过对应的私钥解密,用私钥加密的数据只能通过对应的公钥解密。
我们来看最简单的情况:一个证书颁发机构(CA),颁发了一个证书A,服务器用这个证书建立https连接。客户端在信任列表里有这个CA机构的根证书。
首先CA机构颁发的证书A里包含有证书内容F,以及证书加密内容F1,加密内容F1就是用这个证书机构的私钥对内容F加密的结果。(这中间还有一次hash算法,略过。)
建立https连接时,服务端返回证书A给客户端,客户端的系统里的CA机构根证书有这个CA机构的公钥,用这个公钥对证书A的加密内容F1解密得 到F2,跟证书A里内容F对比,若相等就通过验证。整个流程大致是:F->CA私钥加密->F1->客户端CA公钥解密->F。 因为中间人不会有CA机构的私钥,客户端无法通过CA公钥解密,所以伪造的证书肯定无法通过验证。
2.什么是SSL Pinning?
可以理解为证书绑定,是指客户端直接保存服务端的证书,建立https连接时直接对比服务端返回的和客户端保存的两个证书是否一样,一样就表明证书 是真的,不再去系统的信任证书机构里寻找验证。这适用于非浏览器应用,因为浏览器跟很多未知服务端打交道,无法把每个服务端的证书都保存到本地,但CS架 构的像手机APP事先已经知道要进行通信的服务端,可以直接在客户端保存这个服务端的证书用于校验。
为什么直接对比就能保证证书没问题?如果中间人从客户端取出证书,再伪装成服务端跟其他客户端通信,它发送给客户端的这个证书不就能通过验证吗?确 实可以通过验证,但后续的流程走不下去,因为下一步客户端会用证书里的公钥加密,中间人没有这个证书的私钥就解不出内容,也就截获不到数据,这个证书的私 钥只有真正的服务端有,中间人伪造证书主要伪造的是公钥。
为什么要用SSL Pinning?正常的验证方式不够吗?如果服务端的证书是从受信任的的CA机构颁发的,验证是没问题的,但CA机构颁发证书比较昂贵,小企业或个人用户 可能会选择自己颁发证书,这样就无法通过系统受信任的CA机构列表验证这个证书的真伪了,所以需要SSL Pinning这样的方式去验证。
NSURLConnection已经封装了https连接的建立、数据的加密解密功能,我们直接使用NSURLConnection是可以访问 https网站的,但NSURLConnection并没有验证证书是否合法,无法避免中间人攻击。要做到真正安全通讯,需要我们手动去验证服务端返回的 证书,AFSecurityPolicy封装了证书验证的过程,让用户可以轻易使用,除了去系统信任CA机构列表验证,还支持SSL Pinning方式的验证。使用方法:
- //把服务端证书(需要转换成cer格式)放到APP项目资源里,AFSecurityPolicy会自动寻找根目录下所有cer文件
- AFSecurityPolicy *securityPolicy = [AFSecurityPolicy policyWithPinningMode:AFSSLPinningModePublicKey];
- securityPolicy.allowInvalidCertificates = YES;
- [AFHTTPRequestOperationManager manager].securityPolicy = securityPolicy;
- [manager GET:@"https://example.com/" parameters:nil success:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, id responseObject) {
- } failure:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, NSError *error) {
- }];
AFSecurityPolicy分三种验证模式:
AFSSLPinningModeNone
这个模式表示不做SSL pinning,只跟浏览器一样在系统的信任机构列表里验证服务端返回的证书。若证书是信任机构签发的就会通过,若是自己服务器生成的证书,这里是不会通过的。
AFSSLPinningModeCertificate
这个模式表示用证书绑定方式验证证书,需要客户端保存有服务端的证书拷贝,这里验证分两步,第一步验证证书的域名/有效期等信息,第二步是对比服务端返回的证书跟客户端返回的是否一致。
这里还没弄明白第一步的验证是怎么进行的,代码上跟去系统信任机构列表里验证一样调用了SecTrustEvaluate,只是这里的列表换成了客户端保存的那些证书列表。若要验证这个,是否应该把服务端证书的颁发机构根证书也放到客户端里?
AFSSLPinningModePublicKey
这个模式同样是用证书绑定方式验证,客户端要有服务端的证书拷贝,只是验证时只验证证书里的公钥,不验证证书的有效期等信息。只要公钥是正确的,就能保证通信不会被窃听,因为中间人没有私钥,无法解开通过公钥加密的数据。
整个AFSecurityPolicy就是实现这这几种验证方式,剩下的就是实现细节了,详见源码。
- // AFSecurity.m
- //
- // Copyright (c) 2013-2014 AFNetworking (http://afnetworking.com)
- //
- // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- // of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
- // in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
- // to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
- // copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- // furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- //
- // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- // all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- //
- // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- // FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- // AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- // LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
- // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
- // THE SOFTWARE.
- #import "AFSecurityPolicy.h"
- // Equivalent of macro in , without causing compiler warning:
- // "'DebugAssert' is deprecated: first deprecated in OS X 10.8"
- //这两个宏方法用于方便地处理调用各种证书方法过程中出现的错误,出现错误后用goto语句直接跳转到结束语
- //关于为什么要用 __builtin_expect (x, 0) 而不直接用 x != 0,是为了CPU执行时的性能优化,见这里:
- //http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7346929/why-do-we-use-builtin-expect-when-a-straightforward-way-is-to-use-if-else
- #ifndef AF_Require
- #define AF_Require(assertion, exceptionLabel) \
- do { \
- if (__builtin_expect(!(assertion), 0)) { \
- goto exceptionLabel; \
- } \
- } while (0)
- #endif
- #ifndef AF_Require_noErr
- #define AF_Require_noErr(errorCode, exceptionLabel) \
- do { \
- if (__builtin_expect(0 != (errorCode), 0)) { \
- goto exceptionLabel; \
- } \
- } while (0)
- #endif
- #if !defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)
- static NSData * AFSecKeyGetData(SecKeyRef key) {
- CFDataRef data = NULL;
- AF_Require_noErr(SecItemExport(key, kSecFormatUnknown, kSecItemPemArmour, NULL, &data), _out);
- return (__bridge_transfer NSData *)data;
- _out:
- if (data) {
- CFRelease(data);
- }
- return nil;
- }
- #endif
- static BOOL AFSecKeyIsEqualToKey(SecKeyRef key1, SecKeyRef key2) {
- #if defined(__IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED)
- return [(__bridge id)key1 isEqual:(__bridge id)key2];
- #else
- return [AFSecKeyGetData(key1) isEqual:AFSecKeyGetData(key2)];
- #endif
- }
- //从证书里取public key
- static id AFPublicKeyForCertificate(NSData *certificate) {
- id allowedPublicKey = nil;
- SecCertificateRef allowedCertificate;
- SecCertificateRef allowedCertificates[1];
- CFArrayRef tempCertificates = nil;
- SecPolicyRef policy = nil;
- SecTrustRef allowedTrust = nil;
- SecTrustResultType result;
- //取证书SecCertificateRef -> 生成证书数组 -> 生成SecTrustRef -> 从SecTrustRef取PublicKey
- allowedCertificate = SecCertificateCreateWithData(NULL, (__bridge CFDataRef)certificate);
- AF_Require(allowedCertificate != NULL, _out);
- allowedCertificates[0] = allowedCertificate;
- tempCertificates = CFArrayCreate(NULL, (const void **)allowedCertificates, 1, NULL);
- policy = SecPolicyCreateBasicX509();
- AF_Require_noErr(SecTrustCreateWithCertificates(tempCertificates, policy, &allowedTrust), _out);
- AF_Require_noErr(SecTrustEvaluate(allowedTrust, &result), _out);
- allowedPublicKey = (__bridge_transfer id)SecTrustCopyPublicKey(allowedTrust);
- _out:
- if (allowedTrust) {
- CFRelease(allowedTrust);
- }
- if (policy) {
- CFRelease(policy);
- }
- if (tempCertificates) {
- CFRelease(tempCertificates);
- }
- if (allowedCertificate) {
- CFRelease(allowedCertificate);
- }
- return allowedPublicKey;
- }
- static BOOL AFServerTrustIsValid(SecTrustRef serverTrust) {
- BOOL isValid = NO;
- SecTrustResultType result;
- AF_Require_noErr(SecTrustEvaluate(serverTrust, &result), _out);
- //kSecTrustResultUnspecified:证书通过验证,但用户没有设置这些证书是否被信任
- //kSecTrustResultProceed:证书通过验证,用户有操作设置了证书被信任,例如在弹出的是否信任的alert框中选择always trust
- isValid = (result == kSecTrustResultUnspecified || result == kSecTrustResultProceed);
- _out:
- return isValid;
- }
- //取出服务端返回的所有证书
- static NSArray * AFCertificateTrustChainForServerTrust(SecTrustRef serverTrust) {
- CFIndex certificateCount = SecTrustGetCertificateCount(serverTrust);
- NSMutableArray *trustChain = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)certificateCount];
- for (CFIndex i = 0; i < certificateCount; i++) {
- SecCertificateRef certificate = SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex(serverTrust, i);
- [trustChain addObject:(__bridge_transfer NSData *)SecCertificateCopyData(certificate)];
- }
- return [NSArray arrayWithArray:trustChain];
- }
- //取出服务端返回证书里所有的public key
- static NSArray * AFPublicKeyTrustChainForServerTrust(SecTrustRef serverTrust) {
- SecPolicyRef policy = SecPolicyCreateBasicX509();
- CFIndex certificateCount = SecTrustGetCertificateCount(serverTrust);
- NSMutableArray *trustChain = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)certificateCount];
- for (CFIndex i = 0; i < certificateCount; i++) { //取证书SecCertificateRef -> 生成证书数组 -> 生成SecTrustRef -> 从SecTrustRef取PublicKey
- SecCertificateRef certificate = SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex(serverTrust, i);
- SecCertificateRef someCertificates[] = {certificate};
- CFArrayRef certificates = CFArrayCreate(NULL, (const void **)someCertificates, 1, NULL);
- SecTrustRef trust;
- AF_Require_noErr(SecTrustCreateWithCertificates(certificates, policy, &trust), _out);
- SecTrustResultType result;
- AF_Require_noErr(SecTrustEvaluate(trust, &result), _out);
- [trustChain addObject:(__bridge_transfer id)SecTrustCopyPublicKey(trust)];
- _out:
- if (trust) {
- CFRelease(trust);
- }
- if (certificates) {
- CFRelease(certificates);
- }
- continue;
- }
- CFRelease(policy);
- return [NSArray arrayWithArray:trustChain];
- }
- #pragma mark -
- @interface AFSecurityPolicy()
- @property (readwrite, nonatomic, strong) NSArray *pinnedPublicKeys;
- @end
- @implementation AFSecurityPolicy
- + (NSArray *)defaultPinnedCertificates {
- //默认证书列表,遍历根目录下所有.cer文件
- static NSArray *_defaultPinnedCertificates = nil;
- static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
- dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
- NSBundle *bundle = [NSBundle bundleForClass:[self class]];
- NSArray *paths = [bundle pathsForResourcesOfType:@"cer" inDirectory:@"."];
- NSMutableArray *certificates = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:[paths count]];
- for (NSString *path in paths) {
- NSData *certificateData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path];
- [certificates addObject:certificateData];
- }
- _defaultPinnedCertificates = [[NSArray alloc] initWithArray:certificates];
- });
- return _defaultPinnedCertificates;
- }
- + (instancetype)defaultPolicy {
- AFSecurityPolicy *securityPolicy = [[self alloc] init];
- securityPolicy.SSLPinningMode = AFSSLPinningModeNone;
- return securityPolicy;
- }
- + (instancetype)policyWithPinningMode:(AFSSLPinningMode)pinningMode {
- AFSecurityPolicy *securityPolicy = [[self alloc] init];
- securityPolicy.SSLPinningMode = pinningMode;
- securityPolicy.validatesDomainName = YES;
- [securityPolicy setPinnedCertificates:[self defaultPinnedCertificates]];
- return securityPolicy;
- }
- - (id)init {
- self = [super init];
- if (!self) {
- return nil;
- }
- self.validatesCertificateChain = YES;
- return self;
- }
- #pragma mark -
- - (void)setPinnedCertificates:(NSArray *)pinnedCertificates {
- _pinnedCertificates = pinnedCertificates;
- if (self.pinnedCertificates) {
- //预先取出public key,用于AFSSLPinningModePublicKey方式的验证
- NSMutableArray *mutablePinnedPublicKeys = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:[self.pinnedCertificates count]];
- for (NSData *certificate in self.pinnedCertificates) {
- id publicKey = AFPublicKeyForCertificate(certificate);
- if (!publicKey) {
- continue;
- }
- [mutablePinnedPublicKeys addObject:publicKey];
- }
- self.pinnedPublicKeys = [NSArray arrayWithArray:mutablePinnedPublicKeys];
- } else {
- self.pinnedPublicKeys = nil;
- }
- }
- #pragma mark -
- - (BOOL)evaluateServerTrust:(SecTrustRef)serverTrust {
- return [self evaluateServerTrust:serverTrust forDomain:nil];
- }
- - (BOOL)evaluateServerTrust:(SecTrustRef)serverTrust
- forDomain:(NSString *)domain
- {
- NSMutableArray *policies = [NSMutableArray array];
- if (self.validatesDomainName) {
- [policies addObject:(__bridge_transfer id)SecPolicyCreateSSL(true, (__bridge CFStringRef)domain)];
- } else {
- [policies addObject:(__bridge_transfer id)SecPolicyCreateBasicX509()];
- }
- SecTrustSetPolicies(serverTrust, (__bridge CFArrayRef)policies);
- //向系统内置的根证书验证服务端返回的证书是否合法
- //若使用自签名证书,这里的验证是会不合法的,需要设allowInvalidCertificates = YES
- if (!AFServerTrustIsValid(serverTrust) && !self.allowInvalidCertificates) {
- return NO;
- }
- //取出服务端返回的证书
- NSArray *serverCertificates = AFCertificateTrustChainForServerTrust(serverTrust);
- switch (self.SSLPinningMode) {
- case AFSSLPinningModeNone:
- //两种情况走到这里,
- //一是通过系统证书验证,返回认证成功
- //二是没通过验证,但allowInvalidCertificates = YES,也就是说完全不认证直接返回认证成功
- return YES;
- //验证整个证书
- case AFSSLPinningModeCertificate: {
- NSMutableArray *pinnedCertificates = [NSMutableArray array];
- for (NSData *certificateData in self.pinnedCertificates) {
- [pinnedCertificates addObject:(__bridge_transfer id)SecCertificateCreateWithData(NULL, (__bridge CFDataRef)certificateData)];
- }
- //在本地证书里验证服务端返回的证书的有效性
- SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates(serverTrust, (__bridge CFArrayRef)pinnedCertificates);
- if (!AFServerTrustIsValid(serverTrust)) {
- return NO;
- }
- if (!self.validatesCertificateChain) {
- return YES;
- }
- //整个证书链都跟本地的证书匹配才给过
- NSUInteger trustedCertificateCount = 0;
- for (NSData *trustChainCertificate in serverCertificates) {
- if ([self.pinnedCertificates containsObject:trustChainCertificate]) {
- trustedCertificateCount++;
- }
- }
- return trustedCertificateCount == [serverCertificates count];
- }
- //只验证证书的public key
- case AFSSLPinningModePublicKey: {
- NSUInteger trustedPublicKeyCount = 0;
- NSArray *publicKeys = AFPublicKeyTrustChainForServerTrust(serverTrust);
- //如果不用验证整个证书链,取第一个也就是真正会使用的那个证书验证就行
- if (!self.validatesCertificateChain && [publicKeys count] > 0) {
- publicKeys = @[[publicKeys firstObject]];
- }
- //在本地证书里搜索相等的public key,记录找到个数
- for (id trustChainPublicKey in publicKeys) {
- for (id pinnedPublicKey in self.pinnedPublicKeys) {
- if (AFSecKeyIsEqualToKey((__bridge SecKeyRef)trustChainPublicKey, (__bridge SecKeyRef)pinnedPublicKey)) {
- trustedPublicKeyCount += 1;
- }
- }
- }
- //验证整个证书链的情况:每个public key都在本地找到算验证通过
- //验证单个证书的情况:找到一个算验证通过
- return trustedPublicKeyCount > 0 && ((self.validatesCertificateChain && trustedPublicKeyCount == [serverCertificates count]) || (!self.validatesCertificateChain && trustedPublicKeyCount >= 1));
- }
- }
- return NO;
- }
- #pragma mark - NSKeyValueObserving
- + (NSSet *)keyPathsForValuesAffectingPinnedPublicKeys {
- return [NSSet setWithObject:@"pinnedCertificates"];
- }
- @end