java不能直接访问操作系统底层，而是通过本地方法来访问。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操作，主要提供了以下功能：
通过Unsafe类分配堆外内存
类中提供的3个本地方法allocateMemory、reallocateMemory、freeMemory分别用于分配内存，扩充内存和释放内存，与C语言中的3个方法对应。
//分配var1字节大小的内存，返回起始地址偏移量
public native long allocateMemory(long var1);
//重新给var1起始地址的内存分配长度为var3字节大小的内存，返回新的内存起始地址偏移量
public native long reallocateMemory(long var1, long var3);
//释放起始地址为var1的内存
public native void freeMemory(long var1);
分配内存方法还有重分配内存方法都是分配的堆外内存，返回的是一个long类型的地址偏移量。这个偏移量在你的Java程序中每块内存都是唯一的。
操作类对象
可以定位对象某字段的内存位置，也可以修改对象的字段值，即使它是私有的；
首先获取对象的基址（对象在内存的偏移量起始地址）。之后获取某个filed在这个对象对应的类中的偏移地址，两者相加修改。
/**
* 获取类的某个对象的某个field偏移地址
*/
Field f = null;
try {
f = TUnsafe.class.getDeclaredField("i");
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
long iFiledAddressShift = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(f);
TUnsafe sampleClass = new TUnsafe();
// 获取对象的偏移地址，需要将目标对象设为辅助数组的第一个元素（也是唯一的元素）。
// 由于这是一个复杂类型元素（不是基本数据类型），它的地址存储在数组的第一个元素。
// 然后，获取辅助数组的基本偏移量。
// 数组的基本偏移量是指数组对象的起始地址与数组第一个元素之间的偏移量。
Object helperArray[] = new Object[1];
helperArray[0] = sampleClass;
long baseOffset = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class);
long addressOfSampleClass = UNSAFE.getLong(helperArray, baseOffset);
int i = UNSAFE.getInt(addressOfSampleClass + iFiledAddressShift);
System.out.println(new StringBuilder().append(" Field I Address:")
.append(addressOfSampleClass).append("+")
.append(iFiledAddressShift).append(" Value:").append(i));
UNSAFE.putInt(sampleClass, iFiledAddressShift, 1024);
System.out.println(new StringBuilder().append(" Field I Address:")
.append(addressOfSampleClass).append("+")
.append(iFiledAddressShift).append(" Value:")
.append(sampleClass.i));
线程挂起与恢复
将一个线程进行挂起是通过park方法实现的，调用 park后，线程将一直阻塞直到超时或者中断等条件出现。unpark可以终止一个挂起的线程，使其恢复正常。整个并发框架中对线程的挂起操作被封装在 LockSupport类中，LockSupport类中有各种版本pack方法，但最终都调用了Unsafe.park()方法。
CAS操作 是通过compareAndSwapXXX方法实现的
/**
* 比较obj的offset处内存位置中的值和期望的值，如果相同则更新。此更新是不可中断的。
*
* @param obj 需要更新的对象
* @param offset obj中整型field的偏移量
* @param expect 希望field中存在的值
* @param update 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return 如果field的值被更改返回true
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update);
Clone
如何实现浅克隆？在clone(){…}方法中调用super.clone()，对吗？这里存在的问题是首先你必须继续Cloneable接口，并且在所有你需要做浅克隆的对象中实现clone()方法，对于一个懒懒的程序员来说，这个工作量太大了。
我不推荐上面的做法而是直接使用Unsafe，我们可以仅使用几行代码就实现浅克隆，并且它可以像某些工具类一样用于任意类的克隆。
Ref:
http://blog.csdn.net/zhxdick/article/details/52003123
https://tech.meituan.com/2019/02/14/talk-about-java-magic-class-unsafe.html
Unsafe类
//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java类源码
package sun.misc;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
/***
* This class should provide access to low-level operations and its
* use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using
* memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory
* addresses are given.
* 这个类提供了一个更底层的操作并且应该在受信任的代码中使用。可以通过内存地址
* 存取fields,如果给出的内存地址是无效的那么会有一个不确定的运行表现。
*
* @author Tom Tromey ([email protected])
* @author Andrew John Hughes ([email protected])
*/
public class Unsafe
{
// Singleton class.
private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe();
/***
* Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary
* number of instances.
* 使用私有默认构造器防止创建多个实例
*/
private Unsafe()
{
}
/***
* Retrieve the singleton instance of Unsafe. The calling
* method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides
* access to low-level operations such as direct memory access.
* 获取Unsafe的单例,这个方法调用应该防止在不可信的代码中实例，
* 因为unsafe类提供了一个低级别的操作，例如直接内存存取。
*
* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents
* access to the system properties.
* 如果安全管理器不存在或者禁止访问系统属性
*/
public static Unsafe getUnsafe()
{
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null)
sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
return unsafe;
}
/***
* Returns the memory address offset of the given static field.
* The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field
* in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given
* field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call.
* 返回指定静态field的内存地址偏移量,在这个类的其他方法中这个值只是被用作一个访问
* 特定field的一个方式。这个值对于 给定的field是唯一的，并且后续对该方法的调用都应该
* 返回相同的值。
*
* @param field the field whose offset should be returned.
* 需要返回偏移量的field
* @return the offset of the given field.
* 指定field的偏移量
*/
public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field);
/***
* Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较integer field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新integer field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within obj.
* obj中整型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals expect.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset,
int expect, int update);
/***
* Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较long field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新long field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals expect.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset,
long expect, long update);
/***
* Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset
* in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates
* it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic,
* thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field.
* 在obj的offset位置比较object field和期望的值，如果相同则更新。这个方法
* 的操作应该是原子的，因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新object field。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within obj.
* obj中object型field的偏移量
* @param expect the expected value of the field.
* 希望field中存在的值
* @param update the new value of the field if it equals expect.
* 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同，设置filed的值为这个新值
* @return true if the field was changed.
* 如果field的值被更改
*/
public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset,
Object expect, Object update);
/***
* Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of putIntVolatile(Object,long,int), which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is
* volatile, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的putIntVolatile方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被volatile修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within obj.
* obj中整型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)
*/
public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of putLongVolatile(Object,long,long), which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the long field is
* volatile, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的putLongVolatile方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被volatile修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy
* version of putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object), which
* doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other
* threads. It is only really useful where the object field is
* volatile, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者
* 有延迟的putObjectVolatile方法，并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立
* 即看到。只有在field被volatile修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候
* 使用才有用。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
*/
public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within obj.
* obj中整型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
*/
public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the integer field within obj.
* obj中整型field的偏移量
*/
public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLong(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)
*/
public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @see #getLong(Object,long)
*/
public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the long field within obj.
* obj中long型field的偏移量
* @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long)
*/
public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within obj.
* obj中object型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putObject(Object,long,Object)
*/
public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object to the given value.
* 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to modify.
* 包含需要修改field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within obj.
* obj中object型field的偏移量
* @param value the new value of the field.
* field将被设置的新值
* @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)
*/
public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value);
/***
* Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the
* supplied object with volatile load semantics.
* 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
*
* @param obj the object containing the field to read.
* 包含需要去读取的field的对象
* @param offset the offset of the object field within obj.
* obj中object型field的偏移量
*/
public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset);
/***
* Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class.
* To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with
* with that returned by
* arrayIndexScale,
* if non-zero.
* 获取给定数组中第一个元素的偏移地址。
* 为了存取数组中的元素，这个偏移地址与arrayIndexScale
* 方法的非0返回值一起被使用。
* @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should
* be obtained.
* 第一个元素地址被获取的class
* @return the offset of the first element of the array class.
* 数组第一个元素 的偏移地址
* @see arrayIndexScale(Class)
*/
public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass);
/***
* Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied
* array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g.
* for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value
* can be used with
* arrayBaseOffset
* to access elements of the class.
* 获取用户给定数组寻址的换算因子.一个合适的换算因子不能返回的时候(例如：基本类型),
* 返回0.这个返回值能够与arrayBaseOffset
* 一起使用去存取这个数组class中的元素
*
* @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned.
* @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class.
*/
public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass);
/***
* Releases the block on a thread created by
* park. This method can also be used
* to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to park.
* This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be
* live. This is true of Java, but not native code.
* 释放被park创建的在一个线程上的阻塞.这个
* 方法也可以被使用来终止一个先前调用park导致的阻塞.
* 这个操作操作时不安全的,因此线程必须保证是活的.这是java代码不是native代码。
* @param thread the thread to unblock.
* 要解除阻塞的线程
*/
public native void unpark(Thread thread);
/***
* Blocks the thread until a matching
* unpark occurs, the thread is
* interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an unpark
* call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero
* is defined as no timeout. When isAbsolute is
* true, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the
* epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must
* occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e.
* for no apparent reason).
* 阻塞一个线程直到unpark出现、线程
* 被中断或者timeout时间到期。如果一个unpark调用已经出现了，
* 这里只计数。timeout为0表示永不过期.当isAbsolute为true时，
* timeout是相对于新纪元之后的毫秒。否则这个值就是超时前的纳秒数。这个方法执行时
* 也可能不合理地返回(没有具体原因)
*
* @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from
* the epoch.
* 如果为true timeout的值是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数
* @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in
* milliseconds from the epoch to wait for.
* 可以是一个要等待的纳秒数，或者是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数直到
* 到达这个时间点
*/
public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
}
Ref: