SQL语句书写复习
SQL语句学完就忘，面试一问，一紧张什么都不记得，平时多写写练习，将课程实验总结如下。
一、创建数据库（数据库用户）并熟悉DDL
1.实验内容
创建数据库用户，向数据库用户Soft05增加教师和教师上课2个数据库表：
2.实验过程
通过Mysql command Line Cline 创建表和数据库完整行约束。
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mysql登录命令：
在此目录下打开cmd
执行命令：mysql -u root -p 并输入root密码即可登录mysql
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创建用户’soft05’，用grant给用户授权：
create user 'soft05'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'soft05'; grant all on *.* to 'soft05'@'localhost';
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创建数据库，选择数据库，创建表，展示表
create database test; use test; CREATE TABLE teacher( tno varchar(8) PRIMARY KEY, tname varchar(8) NOT NULL, sex varchar(2), birthday date, dno varchar(6), pno int(10), home varchar(40), zipcode varchar(6), tel varchar(40), email varchar(40)); CREATE TABLE teacher_course( tcid int PRIMARY KEY, tno varchar(8), spno varchar(8), classno varchar(4), cno varchar(10) NOT NULL, semester varchar(6), schoolyear varchar(10), classtime varchar(40), classroom varchar(40), weektime int, foreign key(tno) references teacher(tno)); show tables;
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修改表
-- 修改字段的类型 alter table teacher modify column tel varchar(50); describe teacher; -- 修改表名 alter table teacher rename to tr;
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添加、删除、修改表数据
insert into tr(tno,tname,sex,birthday,dno,pno,home,zipcode,tel) VALUE ('20176666','小芳芳','女','19960705','信息院',666,'湖南大学','543210','18666666666'); describe tr; select * from tr; update tr set dno='物理院' where dno='信息院'; select * from tr; DELETE from tr WHERE dno='物理院'; select * from tr;
二、数据库查询
1.简单查询
select * from movies
where studioName='Disney' and year=1999;
-- 查询语句，在 movies 表中查询 studioName 为 “Disney”且年份为 1999 的数据
select title, length from movies
where studioName='Disney' and year=1999;
-- 查询，只列出 title 和 length 字段
select title as name, length as duration from movies
where studioName='Disney' and year=1999;
-- 查询，把 title 字段改名为 name
select title as name, length*0.016667 as lengthlnHours from movies
where studioName='Disney' and year=1999;
-- 查询，并把 length 字段的每个值都乘以 0.016667，得到的结果作为 lengthHours 输出
select title as name, length*0.016667 as length, 'hrs.' as InHours from movies
where studioName='Disney' and year=1999;
-- 新增 InHours 字段，数据全为 hrs.
select title
from movies
where (year>1970 or length<90) and studioName='Fox';
-- 选择 studioName 为 Fox，且年份 晚于 1970 或长度小于 90 分钟的电影名称
select title
from movies
where title like 'Star %';
-- 选择电影名称带”Star”的
select date '1948-05-14', time '12:08:08.08'
from dual;
-- 将日期和时间置于 虚拟表 dual 中
select date'1948-05-14', timestamp'1948-05-14 12:08:08.08'
from dual;
-- 将日期和日期时间置于 虚拟表 dual 中
select 1+2, 1+null,null+1
from dual;
-- 计算结果，并置于虚拟表 dual 中
select * from movies
where 1=1;
-- 使得所有选取条件失效
select * from movies
where null=null;
select * from movies
where title is not null;
-- 标题非空
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在SQL中逻辑表达式的可能值包括TRUE、FALSE和UNKNOWN，它们被称之为三值逻辑。UNKNOWN的意思是：什么都不知道，就是什么都不是。
一般情况下我们将任何值(包括NULL本身)与NULL做比较的时候，都会返回UnKnown。
而在查询表达式中(比如where与having中)，UnKnown会视为false。
但并不是在所有场情下UnKnown都会视为false来处理，在check约束中，UnKnown就会视为true来处理。这就是为什么我们设置某个字段的值必须大于等于0的情况下，我们还可以往该字段中插入Null值，那是因为在check约束中null>=0的逻辑结果UnKnown会被当作true来处理。
需要注意的是，在分组子句与排序子句中，sql视null是相等的，即：
- GROUP BY会把所有NULL值分到一组
- ORDER BY会把所有NULL值排列在一起
select * from
movies for update;
-- 为数据库的行上一个排它锁。当一个事务的操作未完成时候，其他事务可以读取但是不能写入或更新。
select * from movies
where length<=120 or length>120;
-- length 小于等于 120 或大于 120
select * from movies
where Studioname = 'Fox' order by length, title;
-- studioname 为 Fox，且 按 length、title 升序排列
2.练习A（针对简单查询的练习）
-- a)find the model number, speed, and hard-disk size for all PC's whose price is under $1000.
Select MODEL, SPEED, HD from PC where price<1000;
-- b)do the same as (a), but rename the speed column gigahertz and the hd column gigabytes.
Select MODEL as gigahertz, SPEED, HD as gigabytes from PC where price<1000;
-- c)find the manufactures of printers
Select maker from PRODUCT where type = ‘pc’;
-- d)find the model number, memeory size, and screen size for laptops costing more than $1500.
Select MODEL, RAM, SCREEN from LAPTOP where PRICE>1500;
-- e)find all the tuples in the printe relation for color printers.
Select * from printer where type=’true’;
-- f)find the model number and hard-disk size for those PC's that have a speed of 3.2 and price less than $2000.
Select MODEL, HD, from PC where SPEED=’3.2’ AND PRICE<2000;
3.多关系查询/多表查询
select name
from movies, movieexec
where title='Star Wars' and producerc= cert;
-- movies 表中和 movieexec 表中，title 为 Star Wars 且 product字段 和 cert字段 一样的 name
select moviestar.name, movieexec.name
from moviestar, movieexec
where moviestar.address = movieexec.address;
-- moviestar 中的 address 与 movieexec 中的 address 相同的数据的 name 分别是什么
select star1.name, star2.name
from moviestar star1, moviestar star2
where star1.address = star2.address
and star1.name
select star1.name, star2.name
from moviestar star1, moviestar star2;
-- moviestar 表格中 name 字段与自身的笛卡尔积
4.练习B（针对多表查询的练习）
-- a) give the manufacturer and speed of laptops with a hard disk of at least thirty gigabytes.
Select product.maker, laptop.speed from product, laptop where product.model=laptop.model AND laptop.hd>=30;
-- b)find the model number and price of all products of any type) made by manufacturer B.
Select product.model, pc.price as price
from product, pc
where product.maker = ‘B’ AND product.model = pc.model
UNION
Select product.model, laptop.price as price
from product, laptop
where product.maker = ‘B’ AND product.model = laptop.model
UNION
Select product.model, printer.price as price
from product, printer where product.maker = ‘B’ AND product.model = printer.model;
-- c)find those manufacturers that sell laptops, but not pc's
select distinct maker
from product
where type = 'laptop' AND maker not in
(select distinct maker from product where type = 'pc');
-- d)find those hard-disk size that occur in two or more pc's（这里model为主键）
select distinct pc1.hd
from pc pc1, pc pc2
where pc1.model != pc2.model AND pc1.hd = pc2.hd;
-- e)find those pairs of PC models that have both the same speed and RAM.
Select pc1.model,pc2.model
from pc pc1,pc pc2
where pc1.speed = pc2.speed AND pc1.ram=pc2.ram AND pc1.model != pc2.model;
-- f)find those manufacturers of at least two diffrent computers(PC"s or laptops) with speeds of at least 3.0
select distinct p1.maker
from product p1, product p2
where p1.maker = p2.maker
AND p1.model != p2.model
AND p1.model in
(select pc.model as model from pc where pc.speed >3.0
union
select laptop.model as model from laptop where laptop.speed >3.0) AND p2.model in
(select pc.model as model from pc where pc.speed >3.0
union
select laptop.model as model from laptop where laptop.speed >3.0);
三、数据库高级查询与更新
1.子查询
Select name
From movieexec
Where cert = (Select producerc From movies Where title='Star Wars'); -- 使用子查询，输出 movieexec 中这样一行的 name 字段， movieexec 的 cert 字段的内容与 movies 的 title 为'Star Wars'的 producerc 字段的内容相同
-- *** Conditions Involving Tuples: （条件涉及元组）
SELECT name
FROM movieexec
WHERE cert in -- movieexec 表内 cert 为……的 name
(
SELECT producerc
FROM movies
WHERE (title, year) in -- movies 表内 title 和 year 分别等于……的 producerc
(
SELECT MOVIETITLE, MOVIEYEAR
FROM starsin
WHERE STARNAME = 'Harrison Ford' )-- starsin 表内的 starname 为 Harrison Ford 的 movietitle 和 movieyear
);
-- 表内 cert 为 表内 title 和 year 分别等于 starsin 表内的 starname 为 Harrison Ford 的 movietitle 和 movieyear 的 producerc 的 name。
SELECT name
FROM movieExec, movies, starsin
WHERE cert = producer -- movieexec 和 movies 靠 字段cert 和 字段producer 相连接
AND title = MOVIETITLE -- movies 和 starsin 靠 字段title 和 字段movietitle 相连接
AND year = movieyear -- 并且，movies 的 year 要等于 starsin 的 movieyear
AND STARNAME = 'Harrison Ford'; -- 而 starsin 的 starname 要等于 Harrison Ford
-- *** Correlated Subqueries: （相关子查询）
SELECT title, year
FROM movies old
WHERE year < ANY ( select year from movies where title = old.title);
-- 输出表 movies 中同一 title 的 year 不是最大的 一行的 title 和 year
-- *** Subqueries in from Clauses: (子查询从句)
SELECT name
from movieexec,
(
SELECT PRODUCERC
from movies, starsin
where title = MOVIETITLE and year = movieyear and STARNAME = 'Harrison Ford') prod
-- 跟 Harrison Ford 主演的电影的年份一样的电影 的生产编号
WHERE cert = prod.producerc;
-- *** SQL Join Expressions: (SQL连接表达式)
select * from movies cross join starsin;
-- Movies 与 starsin 的笛卡尔积，movies 有 11 行，starsin 有 10 行，所以结果有 11*10=110行
select * from movies join starsin on title = MOVIETITLE AND year = MOVIEYEAR;
-- Movies 与 starsin 自然连接，其中 movies 表中的 title 即为 starsin 表中的 movietitle，前 者中的 year 即为后者中的 movieyear
-- *** Natural Join
select * from movies natural join starsin;
-- movies 和 starsinstarsin 自然连接即为两者的笛卡尔积，因为没有共同属性
select * from moviestar natural join movieexec;
-- 而 moviestar 和 movieexec 自然连接时，因为有 name 和 address 是共同属性
-- *** Outer joins
select * from moviestar left outer join movieexec on moviestar.name = movieexec.name
UNION
select * from moviestar right outer join movieexec on moviestar.name = movieexec.name;
-- Moviestar 左外连接 movieexec 与 moviestar 右外连接 movieexec 的并集
SELECT * FROM moviestar left outer join movieexec on moviestar.name = movieexec.name;
-- 左外连接，行数等于 moviestar
select * from moviestar right outer join movieexec on moviestar.name = movieexec.name;
-- 右外连接，行数等于 movieexec
2.全关系操作（Full-Relation Operations ）
-- *** Duplicates in Unions, Interseciions, mui Differences
select title, year from movies
union all
select movietitle as title , movieyear as year from starsin;
-- Union all，把联合后的所有结果都展示，包括重复的
-- *** Grouping and Aggregation In SQL
select avg(networth) from movieexec;
-- avg，统计平均
select count(*) from starsin;
-- Count 统计数量，参数为*时，返回该表的行数
select count(starname) from starsin;
-- Count 统计数量，参数为字段名时，忽略该字段为 NULL 的记录
select count(distinct starname) from starsin;
-- 返回指定列的不同值得记录
Select studioname,sum(length)
from movies
group by studioname;
-- 以 studioname 来分组，求和 length
-- 有group by来分组时，一般在select都使用聚合函数sum、avg
Select name, sum(length)
From movieExec, movies
Where producerc =cert
Group by name
Having min(year)<1985;
-- Movieexec 与 movies，其中 producerc 等于 cert，以 name 分组，输出每组最小年份小于 1985 的 name 和 sum。
Select name, sum(length)
From movieExec, movies
Where producerc=cert
And year<1985
Group by name
Having min(year)<1985;
-- 在分组求 length 和之前剔除年份大于等于 1985 的，只统计年份小于 1985 的 length 和。
3.数据库修改操作
insert into studio( name)
select distinct studioname
from movies
where studioname not in( select name from studio);
-- 新增在 movies 表中的 studioname 而不在原来的 studio 表中的 studioname，其他两个字 段为空
delete from starsin
where movietitle='The maltese falcon'
and movieyear=1942
and starname='Sydney Greenstreet';
-- 删除记录
update movieexec
set name ='Pres.'
where cert in(select presc from studio);
-- 更新记录
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