Applications
应用
Note: One of the best way to develop your thinking (and writing) skills is to record your observations, questions, and ideas in a journal and then, as time permits, to reflect on what you have recorded—considering the meaning and application of the observations, answering the questions, elaborating on the ideas(and, where appropriate, challenging them), and recording your insights. An inexpensive bound notebook or spiral notebook will serve the purpose. A good approach is to record your initial observations, questions, and ideas on the left side of the page, leaving the right side blank for your later analysis and commentary. The value of this reflective process is so great that you should consider keeping such a journal even if your instructor does not make it a formal part of the course.
笔记：提高你认知（和写作）能力的一个最好方法是记录你的观察过程，其中的问题以及自己的想法，然后时间允许的话，反思你的记录—思考观察到的意思以及如何应用，回答问题，详细描述你的想法（并且在运用的过程中质疑他们），并且记录你的深刻见解。一本便宜的笔记本将会对你有所帮助。一个好的方法是在笔记本的左侧记录你的最初的观察，问题以及想法，留下右侧记录你之后的分析及评论。这个反思过程的价值非常大，因为即使你的说明没有在这一过程中形成条理，但是你可以通过这一方法保持思考。
1.Do a brief study of attention shifts such as the one described in the chapter. Record a half-hour show. Then play the show back twice, the first time counting the number of shifts within the program, excluding commercials, and the second time counting only those within commercials. Complete the necessary arithmetic and be prepared to share your results in class.
就像在章节中描述的那样，做一个简短的注意力变化的学习。记录半个小时的表演。然后再重放两次表演，第一次记录节目中除了广告之外变化的次数，第二次记录包括广告的次数。完成必要的计算并准备在班级分享你的结果。
2.Reflect on your findings in application 1. Write several paragraphs discussing the implications of those findings for education, business, and family life.
在运用1中反思你发现的事物。写下几段去讨论关于你发现的教育，商业和家庭生活中隐含的意思。
3.Many people cheerfully pay $6 or $7 a gallon for designer drinking water but moan and groan when they have to pay $3 a gallon for gasoline. Does anything you read in this chapter help you understand why this is so?
许多人兴高采烈的喝着6~7美元/加仑的品牌饮料，但是却抱怨3美元/加仑的汽油。在这些章节里是否有能够帮助你理解这一事件的内容？
4.Imagine how different America might be if Frankl’s emphasis on self-transcendence and personal responsibility,rather than Maslow’s emphasis on self-actualization and popular culture’s emphasis on self-esteem, had been dominant for the past fifty years. List as many ways as you can in which our society might be different today and comment on whether each would be beneficial or harmful. Be prepared to explain you rviews in class discussion.
想象一下，假设法兰克的重点是强调自我超越和个人责任，而不是马斯洛所重点强调的自我实现和流行文化所强调的自尊，那么在过去的50年里，美国可能会变成什么样子。列举出我们所存在的社会有可能与今天不同的样子，并且评论这些可能性的好处和坏处。准备好对你的观点在班级讨论中做出解释。
5.Watch one of the music video channels—MTV, VH1, CMT, BET—for at least an hour. Analyze how men and women are depicted in the videos. Note significant details. For example, observe whether men are depicted in power roles more than women and whether women are portrayed as objects of male desire. Decide what attitudes and values are conveyed.(You might want to record as you are watching so that you can review what you have seen, freeze significant frames for closer analysis, and keep your observations for later reference or class viewing and discussion.)
观看至少一个小时的音乐频道—MTV，VH1，CMT，BET。分析男人和女人在视频中如何被展现。记录重要有效的细节。例如，观察是否男人比女人更多的是在展现力量的角色，是否女人多扮演挑逗男人欲望的角色。判决态度和价值的传达的是什么。（你可能想要在你观看的时候你可以重复看你看过的东西，定格重要的格式仔细分析，保持你的观察作为后续的参照或者课程并且讨论。）
6.Suppose you asked a friend,”How did you acquire your particular identity—your sentiments and preferences and attitudes?”Then suppose The friend responded, “ I’m an individual. No one else influences me. I do my own thing, and I select the sentiments and preferences and attitudes that suit me.” How would you explain to your friend what you learned in this chapter?
假设你问一个朋友，“你是怎么获得你这一特别的身份—包括你的情绪、偏爱以及态度？”然后假设这个朋友的回答“我是个个体，没有人可以影响我，我做自己的事情，并且我选择适合我的情绪、偏好以及态度。”你如何运用章节中学到的东西向你的朋友做出解释？
7.Ask yourself the question, Who am I? Write down ten answers to this question, each on a separate slip of paper. Use the first three paragraphs of this chapter to help you frame your answers. Arrange the pieces of paper in order of their importance to you. Then explain the arrangement—that is, which self-descriptions are most important to you, and why?
问你自己一个问题，我是谁？写下十个答案，每个答案写一张纸上。使用本章头三部分的内容帮助你设计这个答案。将答案纸片按照重要程度进行排序。解释这个安排—也就是说，你的描述中哪个答案对你来说是最重要的，为什么？
8.Identify the various positive and negative influences that have shaped you. Be sure to include the particular as well as the general and the subtle as well as the obvious influences. Which of those influences have had the greatest effect on you? Explain the effects as precisely as you can.
识别出塑造你样子的消极的和乐观的影响。确定其中包括对你一般的特殊以及细致的显而易见的影响。其中那些影响对你影响最大？尽可能细致的解释这些影响。
9.Note your immediate reaction to each of the following statements. Then apply the four guidelines given in this chapter for achieving individuality.
记录你对以下表述的第一反应。然后对照本章中获得个性的四个指导方针
a.Health care workers should be required to be tested for HIV/AIDS
医护人员需要提供艾滋病检测的证明。
b.Beauty contests and talent competitions for children should be banned.
应该禁止在儿童中举办选美比赛和人才竞争。
c.Extremist groups like the Ku Klux Klan should be allowed to hold rallies on public property or be issued permits to hold parades on city streets.
应该允许三K党等极端组织在公共场合举行集会或者在城市接头举行游行。
d.Freshman composition should be a required course for all students.
对所有的学生来说新手内容是一个必修课程。
e.High school and college athletes should be tested for a nabolic steroid use.
高校或者大学的运动员需要测试类固醇代谢的使用。
f.Creationism should be taught in high school biology classes.
创造论应该纳入高校生物学课程。
g.Polygamy should be legalized.
多配偶应该合法化。
h.The voting age should belowered to sixteen.
投票年龄应该降至16岁。
i.The prison system should give greater emphasis to the punishment of inmates than to their rehabilitation.
监狱系统应该在犯人的惩罚方面给予更多的重视，而不是犯人的改正方面。
j.Doctors and clinics should be required to notify parents of minors when they prescribe birth control devices or facilitate abortions for the minors.
当医生和诊所给未成年人开出生育控制的药物或者进行堕胎时，应该告知孩子的父母。
k.A man’s self-esteem is severely injured if his wife makes more money than he makes.
男人的自尊会因为女性挣的钱比自己多而受到严重的伤害。
l.Women like being dependent on men.
女人喜欢依靠男人。
10.Group discussion exercise:Discuss several of the statements in application 9 with two or three of your classmates, applying the four guidelines presented in this chapter for developing individuality. Be prepared to share your group’s ideas with the class.
团体讨论练习：与两到三名你的同班同学讨论应用9中的声明，在本章中使用四个指导方针发展个性。与全班同学分享团队的见解。
A Difference of Opinion
不同观点
The following passage summarizes an important difference of opinion. After reading the statement, use the library and/or the Internet and find what knowledgeable people have said about the issue. Be sure to cover the entire range of views. Then assess the strengths and weaknesses of each. If you conclude that one view is entirely correct and the others are mistaken, explain how you reached that conclusion. If, as is more likely, you find that one view is more insightful than the others but that they all make some valid points, construct a view of your own that combines insights from all views and explain why that view is the most reasonable of all. Present your response in a composition or an oral report, as your instructor specifies.
接下来的文章总结了一个重要的不同观点。读完声明后，去图书馆或者网上关于本书人们议论的知识点。尽可能包括所有视角的观点。然后评估每一个视角的优点和缺点。如果你判断某个视角是全对而其他的是错的，解释一下你是如何做出这个判断。如果，更有一种可能，你发现某种视角比其他视角更加深刻，但是他们全都有一些有效观点，那么结合所有的观点和视角去架构一种你自己的视角并且解释为什么这个视角是最有说服力的。以作品或口头报告的形式给出你的回应，就像是你的说明列举。
Should captured terrorists be tried in military or criminal courts? When the United States decided to use the military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to detain individuals captured on the battlefield in the Iraq war, many people protested the decision. Some argued that captured individuals should be considered criminals rather than prisoners of war and accorded the rights guaranteed by the US Constitution to all people accuse of crimes. Others argued for classifying the individuals as prisoners of war and treating them as specified in the Geneva Conventions of 1949. Supporters of the government’s decision reject both arguments, contending that captured terrorists are neither criminals nor soldiers but” unlawful combatants,” adding that any other designation would impose burdens on the United States that would make it difficult to fight terrorism and thereby threaten national security.
捕捉到的恐怖分子需要在军事法庭或者刑事法庭上审讯吗?当美国决定在关塔那摩湾，古巴设立军事基地，为了拘留伊拉克战争中俘虏的战俘，许多人都抗议这个决定。一些争论在于捕捉到的个人将会被当作罪犯考虑而不是当作战争犯，而且符合美国宪法中对所有罪犯恐高后的担保权利。另外一些争论在于将这些人定义为战争犯并且按照1949年的日内瓦公约去对待。政府决定的支持者反对两种争论，主张捕捉到的恐怖分子既不是罪犯也不是军人，而是“法律以外的战士”，指出任何一种指控都会增加美国的负担，让对付恐怖分子这件事情变得更难，因而威胁到国家安全。
Begin your analysis by conducting a Google search using the term “ status captured terrorists.”
做出你自己的评估，通过在google上搜索关键词“捕捉恐怖分子的状态。”