缓存在springboot项目中很常见,分布式项目中最常见的缓存机制就是通过redis缓存mybatis的查询数据,如下示例代码:
@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class RedisConfig extends CachingConfigurerSupport {
@Bean
public CacheManager redisCacheManager(RedisConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair serializationPair =
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair.fromSerializer(getRedisSerializer());
RedisCacheConfiguration redisCacheConfiguration = RedisCacheConfiguration.defaultCacheConfig()
.entryTtl(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.serializeValuesWith(serializationPair);
return RedisCacheManager
.builder(RedisCacheWriter.nonLockingRedisCacheWriter(connectionFactory))
.cacheDefaults(redisCacheConfiguration).build();
}
private RedisSerializer
}
public interface UserMapper {
@Cacheable(cacheNames = "User:Id",key="#p0")
public User findById(@Param("id") Integer id);
}
上述代码的作用,是在调用findById方法时优先查询redis中的缓存数据。如果redis对应缓存不存在,则请求mysql查询数据,并将数据缓存到redis中,设置缓存的过期时间为30秒。
问题
示例代码简单明了,但是有两个问题:
当redis连接出现异常时,调用findById方法会抛出异常影响到正常的业务流程;
扩展性差,不能实现多层缓存,无法灵活切换多种缓存中间件(在@Cacheable中指定cacheManager只能实现一个方法固定使用一种缓存机制);
CacheErrorHandler
缓存仅仅是为了业务更快地查询而存在的,如果因为缓存操作失败导致正常的业务流程失败,有点得不偿失了。因此需要开发者自定义CacheErrorHandler处理缓存读写的异常。
/**
* 当缓存读写异常时,忽略异常
*/
public class IgnoreExceptionCacheErrorHandler implements CacheErrorHandler {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(IgnoreExceptionCacheErrorHandler.class);
@Override
public void handleCacheGetError(RuntimeException exception, Cache cache, Object key) {
log.error(exception.getMessage(), exception);
}
@Override
public void handleCachePutError(RuntimeException exception, Cache cache, Object key, Object value) {
log.error(exception.getMessage(), exception);
}
@Override
public void handleCacheEvictError(RuntimeException exception, Cache cache, Object key) {
log.error(exception.getMessage(), exception);
}
@Override
public void handleCacheClearError(RuntimeException exception, Cache cache) {
log.error(exception.getMessage(), exception);
}
}
@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class RedisConfig extends CachingConfigurerSupport {
/**
* 添加自定义缓存异常处理
* 当缓存读写异常时,忽略异常
*/
@Override
public CacheErrorHandler errorHandler() {
return new IgnoreExceptionCacheErrorHandler();
}
@Bean
public CacheManager redisCacheManager(RedisConnectionFactory connectionFactory) {
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair serializationPair =
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair.fromSerializer(getRedisSerializer());
RedisCacheConfiguration redisCacheConfiguration = RedisCacheConfiguration.defaultCacheConfig()
.entryTtl(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.serializeValuesWith(serializationPair);
return RedisCacheManager
.builder(RedisCacheWriter.nonLockingRedisCacheWriter(connectionFactory))
.cacheDefaults(redisCacheConfiguration).build();
}
private RedisSerializer
}
缓存读写发生了异常,如果是读取redis异常,上述代码会导致调用findById读取缓存的值为空,从而继续从mysql读取数据,对业务没有影响。但是如果请求量很大就会出现缓存雪崩的问题,大量的查询请求发送到mysql导致mysql负载过大而阻塞甚至宕机,建议使用多层缓存兜底。
如果缓存写发生了异常,就可能导致mysql的数据和redis缓存的数据不一致的问题。为了解决该问题,需要继续扩展CacheErrorHandler的handleCachePutError和handleCacheEvictError方法,思路就是将redis写操作失败的key保存下来,通过重试任务删除这些key对应的redis缓存解决mysql数据与redis缓存数据不一致的问题。
CacheResolver
开发者可以通过自定义CacheResolver实现动态选择CacheManager,如下通过代码实现对findById调用时使用多种缓存机制:优先从堆内存读取缓存,堆内存缓存不存在时再从redis读取缓存,redis缓存不存在时最后从mysql读取数据,并将读取到的数据依次写到redis和堆内存中。
public class CustomCacheResolver implements CacheResolver, InitializingBean {
@Nullable
private List
public CustomCacheResolver(){
}
public CustomCacheResolver(List
this.cacheManagerList = cacheManagerList;
}
public void setCacheManagerList(@Nullable List
this.cacheManagerList = cacheManagerList;
}
public List
return cacheManagerList;
}
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
Assert.notNull(this.cacheManagerList, "CacheManager is required");
}
@Override
public Collection extends Cache> resolveCaches(CacheOperationInvocationContext> context) {
Collection
if (cacheNames == null) {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
Collection
for(CacheManager cacheManager : getCacheManagerList()){
for (String cacheName : cacheNames) {
Cache cache = cacheManager.getCache(cacheName);
if (cache == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot find cache named '" +
cacheName + "' for " + context.getOperation());
}
result.add(cache);
}
}
return result;
}
private Collection
return context.getOperation().getCacheNames();
}
}
@Configuration
@EnableCaching
public class RedisConfig extends CachingConfigurerSupport {
@Autowired
private RedisConnectionFactory connectionFactory;
@Override
public CacheResolver cacheResolver() {
// 通过Guava实现的自定义堆内存缓存管理器
CacheManager guavaCacheManager = new GuavaCacheManager();
CacheManager redisCacheManager = redisCacheManager();
List
// 优先读取堆内存缓存
list.add(concurrentMapCacheManager);
// 堆内存缓存读取不到该key时再读取redis缓存
list.add(redisCacheManager);
return new CustomCacheResolver(list);
}
/**
* 添加自定义缓存异常处理
* 当缓存读写异常时,忽略异常
*/
@Override
public CacheErrorHandler errorHandler() {
return new IgnoreExceptionCacheErrorHandler();
}
@Bean
public CacheManager redisCacheManager() {
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair serializationPair =
RedisSerializationContext.SerializationPair.fromSerializer(getRedisSerializer());
RedisCacheConfiguration redisCacheConfiguration = RedisCacheConfiguration.defaultCacheConfig()
.entryTtl(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.serializeValuesWith(serializationPair);
return RedisCacheManager
.builder(RedisCacheWriter.nonLockingRedisCacheWriter(connectionFactory))
.cacheDefaults(redisCacheConfiguration).build();
}
private RedisSerializer
}
通过自定义CacheResolver开发者可以实现更多的自定义功能,例如热点缓存自动升降级的场景:
项目大多数情况下只使用redis做缓存,当某些场景下个别数据成为了热数据,通过例如storm实时统计出热数据后,项目将这些热数据缓存到堆内存,缓解网络和redis的负载压力。
这种场景完全可以通过自定义CacheResolver来实现,storm实时统计出热数据,自定义的CacheResolver在调用resolveCaches选择CacheManager前,先判断此次读写的缓存key是否是热数据。如果是热数据则使用堆内存的CacheManager,否则使用redis的CacheManager。