创建其它空目录
1.根文件系统树制作
在/opt/下新建文件夹rootfs
[luminqi@localhost opt]$ mkdir rootfs
[luminqi@localhost opt]$ cd rootfs
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ mkdir -p {apps,bin,data,dev,info,proc,root,sbin,sys,tmp,var,etc/{,init.d,dropbear},mnt/{,usb,sdc,nfs,dev},usr/{,bin,sbin,lib,share},lib/{,modules/{,3.0.0}}}
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ tree -L 3
.
├── apps #挂载Application所在分区用的目录
├── bin #必备的用户命令,例如ls、cp等
├── data #挂载data分区所在的目录
├── dev #设备文件,例如mtdblock0
├── etc #系统配置文件,包括启动文件,例如inittab等
│?? ├── dropbear #dropbear ssh server依赖的文件
│?? └── init.d #系统启动初始化脚本
├── info #挂载info分区所在的目录
├── lib #动态库所存放的目录
│?? └── modules #insmod时,依赖/lib/modules/内核版本目录
│?? └── 3.0.0 #我们将Linux驱动放到该目录下,目录名对应内核版本号
├── mnt #设备在运行时的一些挂载点
│?? ├── dev #保留备用
│?? ├── nfs #NFS挂载点
│?? ├── sdc #SD卡挂载点
│?? └── usb #U盘挂载点
├── proc #proc文件挂载点,用来提供内核与进程信息的虚拟文件系统,由内核自动生成目录下的内容
├── root #root用户目录
├── sbin #必备的系统管理员命令,例如ifconfig、reboot等
├── sys #sys文件系统挂载点,用来提供内核与设备信息的虚拟文件系统,由内核自动生成目录下的内容
├── tmp #tmpfs文件系统挂载点,临时性的文件,重启后将自动清除
├── usr
│?? ├── bin #非必备的用户程序,例如find、du等
│?? ├── lib #用户程序动态库放到这里
│?? ├── sbin #非必备的管理员程序
│?? └── share
└── var #守护程序和工具程序所存放的可变,例如日志文件
27 directories, 0 files
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod -m666 dev/null c 1 3 #空设备通常被用于丢弃不需要的输出流,或作为用于输入流的空文件
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod -m666 dev/console c 5 1 #系统控制终端,系统的错误信息什么的都输出到这里
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod -m666 dev/ttyS0 c 4 64 #串行端口终端,是使用计算机串行端口连接的终端设备。
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod -m666 dev/ttySAC0 c 4 64 #串口驱动设备文件
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod dev/mtdblock0 b 31 0 #mtd块设备
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod dev/mtdblock1 b 31 1 #mtd块设备
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod dev/mtdblock2 b 31 2 #mtd块设备
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod dev/mtdblock3 b 31 3 #mtd块设备
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ sudo mknod dev/mtdblock4 b 31 4 #mtd块设备
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ ln -s /tmp var/lock
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ ln -s /tmp var/log
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ ln -s /tmp var/run
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ ln -s /tmp var/tmp
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ cp -af /opt/buildroot-2011.02/arm920t/usr/arm-linux/sysroot/lib/*so* lib/
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ cp -af /opt/buildroot-2011.02/arm920t/usr/arm-linux/lib/*so* lib/
5.1创建inittab文件
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ cd etc/
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim inittab
# /etc/inittab
#
# Copyright (C) 2017 lulinux
#
# Note: BusyBox init doesn't support runlevels. The runlevels field is
# completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use sysvinit.
#
# Format for each entry: :::
#
# id == tty to run on, or empty for /dev/console.
# If specified, then /dev/$id device must exist
# runlevels == ignored, busybox doesn't support it
# action == one of sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, and once
# process == program to run
# Startup the system
# mount all the file systems specified in /etc/fstab
::sysinit:/bin/mount -a
#Use mdev as hotplug to auto mount USB storage or SD card
::sysinit:/bin/echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
#Use mdev to auto generate the device node in /dev path
::sysinit:/sbin/mdev -s
#make shm, pts support
::sysinit:/bin/mkdir -p /dev/pts
::sysinit:/bin/mkdir -p /dev/shm
::sysinit:/bin/mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
#Mount our apps/data partition
null::wait:/bin/mount -o sync,noatime,ro -t jffs2 /dev/mtdblock3 /apps
null::wait:/bin/mount -o sync,noatime,ro -t jffs2 /dev/mtdblock4 /data
#Set hostname
null::sysinit:/bin/hostname -F /etc/hostname
#Enable console logon
null::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 115200 vt100
# now run any rc scripts
null::wait:/etc/init.d/rcS
# system daemon
null::respawn:/sbin/syslogd -n
null::respawn:/sbin/klogd -n
# Stuff to do before rebooting
null::shutdown:/bin/umount /apps
null::shutdown:/bin/umount /data
null::shutdown:/bin/killall klogd
null::shutdown:/bin/killall syslogd
null::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
#null::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim init.d/rcS
#!/bin/sh
# Copyright (C) 2017 lulinux
# Start all init scripts in /etc/init.d
# executing them in numerical order.
#
for i in /etc/init.d/S??* ; do
$i
done
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim init.d/S01_network
#!/bin/sh
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.111 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim init.d/S99_rcsApp
#!/bin/sh
# Copyright (C) 2017 lulinux
#
# Start all init scripts in /apps/etc/init.d
# executing them in numerical order.
#
if (test -d /apps/etc/init.d)
then
for i in /apps/etc/init.d/S??* ; do
$i
done
fi
5.6创建fstab文件
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
# Copyright (C) 2017 lulinux
#
#
#devpts /dev/pts devpts defaults 0 0
#/dev/root / ext2 rw,noauto 0 1
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev tmpfs defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ echo "root" > hostname
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" >> hosts
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ echo "MST7MDT" >> TZ
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ echo "Copyright (C) 2017 linux" >> issue # 系统登录时的提示信息
5.8创建profile文件
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim profile
# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shells.
export PATH=\
/bin:\
/sbin:\
/usr/bin:\
/usr/sbin:\
/usr/local/bin:\
/apps/bin:\
/apps/tools:\
/apps/tslib/bin\
# If running interactively, then:
if [ "$PS1" ]; then
if [ "$BASH" ]; then
export PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
alias ll='/bin/ls --color=tty -laFh'
alias ls='/bin/ls --color=tty -F'
export LS_COLORS='no=00:fi=00:di=01;34:ln=01;36:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:ex=01;
32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.deb=0
1;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35
:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.d
l=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:';
else
if [ "`id -u`" -eq 0 ]; then
export PS1='>: '
else
export PS1='>: '
fi
fi
# System Setting
set -o vi
alias ll='ls -l'
export USER=`id -un`
export LOGNAME=$USER
export HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname`
export HISTSIZE=1000
export HISTFILESIZE=1000
export PAGER='/bin/more '
export EDITOR='/bin/vi'
export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
export DMALLOC_OPTIONS=debug=0x34f47d83,inter=100,log=logfile
export VAR1=
export VAR2=
export VAR3=
export VAR4=
export VAR5=
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib/
# QT Extendded 4.4.3 Setting
export QTDIR=/apps/qt-extended-4.4.3
export QWS_MOUSE_PROTO='TSLIB:/dev/event0'
export QWS_DISPLAY='LinuxFB:/dev/fb0'
export QWS_DISPLAY='LinuxFB:mmWidth240:mmHeight320:0'
export QWS_SIZE='240x320'
export QT_PLUGIN_PATH=$QTDIR/plugins/
export QT_QWS_FONTDIR=$QTDIR/lib/fonts
export PATH=$QTDIR/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$QTDIR/lib
# Touch Scree tslib Setting
export TSLIB_ROOT=/apps/tslib
export TSLIB_CONFFILE=$TSLIB_ROOT/etc/ts.conf
export TSLIB_CALIBFILE=$TSLIB_ROOT/etc/pointercal
export TSLIB_TSDEVICE=/dev/event0
export TSLIB_CONSOLEDEVICE=none
export TSLIB_FBDEVICE=/dev/fb0
fi;
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim protocols
# /etc/protocols:
# $Id: protocols,v 1.1.1.1 2001/09/12 19:03:24 andersee Exp $
#
# Internet (IP) protocols
#
# from: @(#)protocols 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/89
#
# Updated for NetBSD based on RFC 1340, Assigned Numbers (July 1992).
ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol number
icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol
igmp 2 IGMP # Internet Group Management
ggp 3 GGP # gateway-gateway protocol
ipencap 4 IP-ENCAP # IP encapsulated in IP (officially ``IP'')
st 5 ST # ST datagram mode
tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol
egp 8 EGP # exterior gateway protocol
pup 12 PUP # PARC universal packet protocol
udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol
hmp 20 HMP # host monitoring protocol
xns-idp 22 XNS-IDP # Xerox NS IDP
rdp 27 RDP # "reliable datagram" protocol
iso-tp4 29 ISO-TP4 # ISO Transport Protocol class 4
xtp 36 XTP # Xpress Tranfer Protocol
ddp 37 DDP # Datagram Delivery Protocol
idpr-cmtp 39 IDPR-CMTP # IDPR Control Message Transport
rspf 73 RSPF #Radio Shortest Path First.
vmtp 81 VMTP # Versatile Message Transport
ospf 89 OSPFIGP # Open Shortest Path First IGP
ipip 94 IPIP # Yet Another IP encapsulation
encap 98 ENCAP # Yet Another IP encapsulation
5.10创建mdev.conf文件
[luminqi@localhost etc]$ vim mdev.conf
sd[a-z][0-9] 0:0 0777 @(mount /dev/$MDEV /mnt/usb)
sd[a-z] 0:0 0777 $(umount /mnt/usb)
ub[a-z][0-9] 0:0 0777 @(mount /dev/$MDEV /mnt/usb)
ub[a-z] 0:0 0777 $(umount /mnt/usb)
mmcblk[0-9]p[0-9] 0:0 0777 @(mount /dev/$MDEV /mnt/sdc)
mmcblk[0-9] 0:0 0777 $(umount /mnt/sdc)
6.在文件系统中安装busybox
[luminqi@localhost etc] cd /opt
[luminqi@localhost opt]$ ls rootfs
apps bin data dev etc info lib mnt proc root sbin sys tmp usr var
[luminqi@localhost opt] sudo tar -xjf /opt/busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2 //事先准备好的源码包
[luminqi@localhost opt] cd busybox-1.20.2
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ vim Makefile
#修改CROSS_COMPILER为:
CROSS_COMPILE ?= /opt/buildroot-2012.08/arm920t/usr/bin/arm-linux-
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ vt100
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ sudo make menuconfig
Busybox Settings --->
General Configuration --->
[*] Don't use /usr
Installation Options ("make install" behavior) --->
What kind of applet links to install (as soft-links) ---> //安装busybox时将各个命令安装为指向busybox的软链接
(/opt/rootfs) BusyBox installation prefix
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ sudo make
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ file busybox
busybox: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, stripped
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ sudo make install
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ ls /opt/rootfs
apps bin data dev etc info lib linuxrc mnt proc root sbin sys tmp usr var
##仔细看多了一个linuxrc文件
linuxrc -> bin/busybox
7.移植dropbear
7.1首先编译生成PC版的,在制作密钥时用到
[luminqi@localhost busybox-1.20.2]$ cd /home/luminqi/fl2440/3rdparty
[luminqi@localhost 3rdparty]$ wget http://matt.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/releases/dropbear-0.53.1.tar.bz2
[luminqi@localhost 3rdparty]$ tar -xjf dropbear-0.53.1.tar.bz2
[luminqi@localhost 3rdparty]$ cd dropbear-0.53.1
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ ./configure && make
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ ./dropbearkey -t rsa -f /opt/rootfs/etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ ./dropbearkey -t dss -f /opt/rootfs/etc/dropbear/dropbear_dss_host_key
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ chmod 666 /opt/rootfs/etc/dropbear/dropbear_*
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ make distclean
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ ./configure CC=/opt/buildroot-2012.08/arm920t/usr/bin/arm-linux-gcc --build=i686 --host=arm-linux --disable-zlib
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ make
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ file dropbear
dropbear: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ file dbclient
dbclient: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ mv dbclient ssh
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ arm-linux-strip dropbear
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ arm-linux-strip ssh
[luminqi@localhost dropbear-0.53.1]$ cp dropbear ssh /opt/rootfs/usr/sbin/
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ ll
总用量 60
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 apps
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 4 00:29 bin
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 data
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:20 dev
drwxrwxr-x. 4 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 4 14:52 etc
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 info
drwxrwxr-x. 3 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:24 lib
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 3月 4 00:29 linuxrc -> bin/busybox
drwxrwxr-x. 6 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 mnt
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 proc
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 root
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 4 00:29 sbin
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 sys
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 tmp
drwxrwxr-x. 6 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:17 usr
drwxrwxr-x. 2 luminqi luminqi 4096 3月 3 23:21 var
[luminqi@localhost roorfs]$ cd /opt/rootfs
[luminqi@localhost rootfs]$ vim etc/init.d/S04_dropbear
#!/bin/sh
/usr/sbin/dropbear
chmod 777 etc/init.d/S04_dropbear
例如:
制作Initramfs文件系统,原理:上面制成的根文件系统(rootfs这个文件夹)在编译内核的同时被编译并与内核生成一个映像文件(cpio包格式),这种系统是基于RAM(内存)的,它的挂载点在内存中,而不是在nandflash.
制作jffs2文件系统,原理:通过工具mkfs.jffs2将根文件系统(rootfs这个文件夹)制作成映像文件,这种系统是基于flash的,由MTD管理,下面显示了jffs2映像文件的类型:
[luminqi@localhost opt]$ file rootfs.jffs2
rootfs.jffs2: Linux jffs2 filesystem data little endian
对于根文件系统和文件系统,我觉得可以这样理解:
根文件系统是最起码能使操作系统跑起来的必须文件的集合,比如/bin、/sbin下的命令文件,还有/etc下的一些配置文件、启动文件inittab等等,如果缺了某一个关键文件,就不能成为根文件系统,Linux内核不承认这种文件系统,导致报错而退出,挂载失败。
赋予根文件系统不同属性,根文件系统就变成了不同的文件系统:
比如赋予根文件系统jffs2的属性(通过工具mkfs.jffs2),便生成了jffs2文件系统.