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摘要：标签 PostgreSQL , SQL防火墙 , 注入 , HOOK 背景 SQL注入通常是业务层做的事情，例如使用绑定变量，使用关键字过滤等手段，避免被SQL注入。 另一方面，数据库也有类似的功能，例如SQL防火墙。
标签
PostgreSQL , SQL防火墙 , 注入 , HOOK
背景
SQL注入通常是业务层做的事情，例如使用绑定变量，使用关键字过滤等手段，避免被SQL注入。
另一方面，数据库也有类似的功能，例如SQL防火墙。
PostgreSQL内置了很多的HOOK，这些HOOK可以方便开发者加入一些功能，例如在SQL parser阶段的HOOK，可以加入一些SQL统计，SQL篡改，SQL REWRITE的功能。
在SQL执行阶段的HOOK，可以用来拒绝执行等。
共享内存分配阶段的HOOK，可以用来分配用户自定义进程的共享内存等。
SQL_FIREWALL是PostgreSQL的一个SQL防火墙插件，利用了一些HOOK，实现了SQL防火墙的功能。
/* Saved hook values in case of unload */
static shmem_startup_hook_type prev_shmem_startup_hook = NULL;
static post_parse_analyze_hook_type prev_post_parse_analyze_hook = NULL;
static ExecutorStart_hook_type prev_ExecutorStart = NULL;
static ExecutorRun_hook_type prev_ExecutorRun = NULL;
static ExecutorFinish_hook_type prev_ExecutorFinish = NULL;
static ExecutorEnd_hook_type prev_ExecutorEnd = NULL;
static ProcessUtility_hook_type prev_ProcessUtility = NULL;
1、shmem_startup_hook_type 内部进程通信
src/backend/storage/ipc/ipci.c
/*
* CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores
* Creates and initializes shared memory and semaphores.
*
* This is called by the postmaster or by a standalone backend.
* It is also called by a backend forked from the postmaster in the
* EXEC_BACKEND case. In the latter case, the shared memory segment
* already exists and has been physically attached to, but we have to
* initialize pointers in local memory that reference the shared structures,
* because we didn't inherit the correct pointer values from the postmaster
* as we do in the fork() scenario. The easiest way to do that is to run
* through the same code as before. (Note that the called routines mostly
* check IsUnderPostmaster, rather than EXEC_BACKEND, to detect this case.
* This is a bit code-wasteful and could be cleaned up.)
*
* If "makePrivate" is true then we only need private memory, not shared
* memory. This is true for a standalone backend, false for a postmaster.
*/
void
CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores(bool makePrivate, int port)
{
...
/*
* Now give loadable modules a chance to set up their shmem allocations
*/
if (shmem_startup_hook)
shmem_startup_hook();
}
2、parser hook
src/backend/parser/analyze.c
/* Hook for plugins to get control at end of parse analysis */
post_parse_analyze_hook_type post_parse_analyze_hook = NULL;
/*
* parse_analyze
* Analyze a raw parse tree and transform it to Query form.
*
* Optionally, information about $n parameter types can be supplied.
* References to $n indexes not defined by paramTypes[] are disallowed.
*
* The result is a Query node. Optimizable statements require considerable
* transformation, while utility-type statements are simply hung off
* a dummy CMD_UTILITY Query node.
*/
Query *
parse_analyze(RawStmt *parseTree, const char *sourceText,
Oid *paramTypes, int numParams,
QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
{
ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
Query *query;
Assert(sourceText != NULL); /* required as of 8.4 */
pstate->p_sourcetext = sourceText;
if (numParams > 0)
parse_fixed_parameters(pstate, paramTypes, numParams);
pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
query = transformTopLevelStmt(pstate, parseTree);
if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
(*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, query);
free_parsestate(pstate);
return query;
}
其他的HOOK不再赘述，简单来说，SQL 防火墙的功能是：
学习数据库中被调用的SQL，记录被调用的SQL到规则库，根据规则库的内容，防止调用不在规则库的SQL（根据配置）。
sql firewall的功能介绍
1、学习模式，将SQL PARSER后的值保存起来。保存在规则表中。（因此支持绑定变量）
2、从外部CSV文件导入到规则中。
3、当不在规则中的SQL被执行时，根据配置 返回错误（不允许执行），或返回警告（允许执行）。
4、记录警告、错误的次数。
sql firewall的用法
1、配置postgresql.conf
* shared_preload_libraries
sql_firewall module needs to be loaded in the
shared_preload_libraries parameter as following:
shared_preload_libraries = 'sql_firewall'
Note for developers
-------------------
pg_stat_statements built with `--enable-cassert' causes assert when
queryId already has non-zero value.
So, to use both pg_stat_statements and sql_firewall at the same
time, pg_stat_statements needs to be loaded prior to sql_firewall
in the shared_preload_libraries parameter as following.
shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements,sql_firewall'
Then, sql_firewall can skip queryId calculation if queryId is
already set by pg_stat_statements, and avoid the assert.
* sql_firewall.firewall
sql_firewall.firewall is able to take one of the following values:
'disabled', 'learning', 'permissive' and 'enforcing'.
The default value is 'disabled'.
* sql_firewall.max
最多能存多少条规则。
Number of queries the SQL Firewall can learn.
It can take an int value between 100 and INT_MAX.
The default value is 5000.
The queries which exceed this value in the "learning" mode would never
be learned.
2、如果用户一开始并不知道数据库中会执行哪些SQL，通常可以设置为学习模式，学习一个月，基本上能跑的SQL都能学到。
* sql_firewall.firewall = learning
3、当然，如果用户知道这个数据库会执行哪些SQL，那么可以将SQL导入。
必须为disabled模式，才能导入。
* sql_firewall_import_rule('/path/to/rule.txt')
sql_firewall_import_rule() reads the firewall rules from the
specified CSV file.
This function is available only under the disabled mode with
superuser privilege.
4、规则固定下来后，sql_firewall.firewall设置为enforcing模式，不允许执行不在规则中的SQL。
5、或者sql_firewall.firewall设置为permissive模式，允许执行，但是发出告警。
sql firewall函数接口
* sql_firewall_reset()
sql_firewall_reset() clears the firewall rules.
This function is available only under the disabled mode with
superuser privilege.
* sql_firewall_stat_reset()
sql_firewall_reset() clears the counters of warning and error. Only
available with superuser privilege.
* sql_firewall_export_rule('/path/to/rule.txt')
sql_firewall_export_rule() writes the firewall rules in the
specified CSV file.
This function is available only under the disabled mode with
superuser privilege.
* sql_firewall_import_rule('/path/to/rule.txt')
sql_firewall_import_rule() reads the firewall rules from the
specified CSV file.
This function is available only under the disabled mode with
superuser privilege.
sql firewall管理视图
* sql_firewall.sql_firewall_statements
sql_firewall_statements view shows the firewall rules and execution
counter for each query.
postgres=# select * from sql_firewall.sql_firewall_statements;
userid | queryid | query | calls
--------+------------+---------------------------------+-------
10 | 3294787656 | select * from k1 where uid = ?; | 4
(1 row)
postgres=#
* sql_firewall.sql_firewall_stat
sql_firewall_stat view has two counters: "sql_warning" and
"sql_error".
"sql_warning" shows number of executed queries with warnings in the
"permissive" mode.
"sql_error" shows number of prevented queries in the "enforcing"
mode.
postgres=# select * from sql_firewall.sql_firewall_stat;
sql_warning | sql_error
-------------+-----------
2 | 1
(1 row)
postgres=#
例子
* Permissive mode
postgres=# select * from sql_firewall.sql_firewall_statements;
WARNING: Prohibited SQL statement
userid | queryid | query | calls
--------+------------+---------------------------------+-------
10 | 3294787656 | select * from k1 where uid = 1; | 1
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from k1 where uid = 1;
uid | uname
-----+-------------
1 | Park Gyu-ri
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from k1 where uid = 3;
uid | uname
-----+-----------
3 | Goo Ha-ra
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from k1 where uid = 3 or 1 = 1;
WARNING: Prohibited SQL statement
uid | uname
-----+----------------
1 | Park Gyu-ri
2 | Nicole Jung
3 | Goo Ha-ra
4 | Han Seung-yeon
5 | Kang Ji-young
(5 rows)
postgres=#
* Enforcing mode
postgres=# select * from k1 where uid = 3;
uid | uname
-----+-----------
3 | Goo Ha-ra
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from k1 where uid = 3 or 1 = 1;
ERROR: Prohibited SQL statement
postgres=#