原文:github.com/ryanmcdermo…
https://juejin.im/post/5d0e11196fb9a07eee5ed6d2
说明:本文翻译自 github 上的一个项目,非全文搬运,只取部分精华。
如何提高代码的可读性、复用性、扩展性。我们将从以下四个方面讨论:
// Bad:
const yyyymmdstr = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');
// Good:
const currentDate = moment().format('YYYY/MM/DD');
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对同一类型的变量使用相同的命名保持统一:
// Bad:
getUserInfo();
getClientData();
getCustomerRecord();
// Good:
getUser()
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可以用 ESLint
检测代码中未命名的常量。
// Bad:
// 其他人知道 86400000 的意思吗?
setTimeout( blastOff, 86400000 );
// Good:
const MILLISECOND_IN_A_DAY = 86400000;
setTimeout( blastOff, MILLISECOND_IN_A_DAY );
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既然创建了一个 car 对象,就没有必要把它的颜色命名为 carColor。
// Bad:
const car = {
carMake: 'Honda',
carModel: 'Accord',
carColor: 'Blue'
};
function paintCar( car ) {
car.carColor = 'Red';
}
// Good:
const car = {
make: 'Honda',
model: 'Accord',
color: 'Blue'
};
function paintCar( car ) {
car.color = 'Red';
}
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// Bad:
function createMicrobrewery( name ) {
const breweryName = name || 'Hipster Brew Co.';
// ...
}
// Good:
function createMicrobrewery( name = 'Hipster Brew Co.' ) {
// ...
}
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如果参数超过两个,建议使用 ES6 的解构语法,不用考虑参数的顺序。
// Bad:
function createMenu( title, body, buttonText, cancellable ) {
// ...
}
// Good:
function createMenu( { title, body, buttonText, cancellable } ) {
// ...
}
createMenu({
title: 'Foo',
body: 'Bar',
buttonText: 'Baz',
cancellable: true
});
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这是一条在软件工程领域流传久远的规则。严格遵守这条规则会让你的代码可读性更好,也更容易重构。如果违反这个规则,那么代码会很难被测试或者重用。
// Bad:
function emailClients( clients ) {
clients.forEach( client => {
const clientRecord = database.lookup( client );
if ( clientRecord.isActive() ) {
email( client );
}
});
}
// Good:
function emailActiveClients( clients ) {
clients
.filter( isActiveClient )
.forEach( email );
}
function isActiveClient( client ) {
const clientRecord = database.lookup( client );
return clientRecord.isActive();
}
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// Bad:
function addToDate( date, month ) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
// 很难知道是把什么加到日期中
addToDate( date, 1 );
// Good:
function addMonthToDate( month, date ) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
addMonthToDate( 1, date );
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很多时候虽然是同一个功能,但由于一两个不同点,让你不得不写两个几乎相同的函数。
// Bad:
function showDeveloperList(developers) {
developers.forEach((developer) => {
const expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = developer.getExperience();
const githubLink = developer.getGithubLink();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
githubLink
};
render(data);
});
}
function showManagerList(managers) {
managers.forEach((manager) => {
const expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = manager.getExperience();
const portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
portfolio
};
render(data);
});
}
// Good:
function showEmployeeList(employees) {
employees.forEach(employee => {
const expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = employee.getExperience();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
};
switch(employee.type) {
case 'develop':
data.githubLink = employee.getGithubLink();
break
case 'manager':
data.portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects();
break
}
render(data);
})
}
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// Bad:
const menuConfig = {
title: null,
body: 'Bar',
buttonText: null,
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
config.title = config.title || 'Foo';
config.body = config.body || 'Bar';
config.buttonText = config.buttonText || 'Baz';
config.cancellable = config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
// Good:
const menuConfig = {
title: 'Order',
// 不包含 body
buttonText: 'Send',
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
config = Object.assign({
title: 'Foo',
body: 'Bar',
buttonText: 'Baz',
cancellable: true
}, config);
// config : {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
// ...
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
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在 JavaScript 中,永远不要污染全局,会在生产环境中产生难以预料的 bug。举个例子,比如你在 Array.prototype 上新增一个 diff 方法来判断两个数组的不同。而你同事也打算做类似的事情,不过他的 diff 方法是用来判断两个数组首位元素的不同。很明显你们方法会产生冲突,遇到这类问题我们可以用 ES2015/ES6 的语法来对 Array 进行扩展。
// Bad:
Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
};
// Good:
class SuperArray extends Array {
diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
}
}
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// Bad:
function isDOMNodeNotPresent(node) {
// ...
}
if (!isDOMNodeNotPresent(node)) {
// ...
}
// Good:
function isDOMNodePresent(node) {
// ...
}
if (isDOMNodePresent(node)) {
// ...
}
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现代浏览器已经在底层做了很多优化,过去的很多优化方案都是无效的,会浪费你的时间。
// Bad:
// 现代浏览器已对此( 缓存 list.length )做了优化。
for (let i = 0, len = list.length; i < len; i++) {
// ...
}
// Good:
for (let i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
// ...
}
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这里没有实例代码,删除就对了
在 ES6 之前,没有类的语法,只能用构造函数的方式模拟类,可读性非常差。
// Good:
// 动物
class Animal {
constructor(age) {
this.age = age
};
move() {};
}
// 哺乳动物
class Mammal extends Animal{
constructor(age, furColor) {
super(age);
this.furColor = furColor;
};
liveBirth() {};
}
// 人类
class Human extends Mammal{
constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
super(age, furColor);
this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
};
speak() {};
}
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这种模式相当有用,可以在很多库中都有使用。它让你的代码简洁优雅。
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
}
}
// Bad:
const car = new Car('Ford','F-150','red');
car.setColor('pink');
car.save();
// Good:
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
}
const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red").setColor("pink").save();
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// Bad:
get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin', (requestErr, response) => {
if (requestErr) {
console.error(requestErr);
} else {
writeFile('article.html', response.body, (writeErr) => {
if (writeErr) {
console.error(writeErr);
} else {
console.log('File written');
}
});
}
});
// Good:
get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin')
.then((response) => {
return writeFile('article.html', response);
})
.then(() => {
console.log('File written');
})
.catch((err) => {
console.error(err);
});
// perfect:
async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
try {
const response = await get('https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin');
await writeFile('article.html', response);
console.log('File written');
} catch(err) {
console.error(err);
}
}
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