考研英语之语法知识点整理——1.简单句的核心

本系列博客汇总在这里：考研英语知识点汇总系列博客

一、简单句的核心

1. 简单句的核心构成

简单句：仅描述一件事情

• 1.主谓
  结构：主语+谓语

Smaller species survived.
More apparent reasonableness followed.

• 2.主谓宾
  结构：主语+谓语+宾语

Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
Many students experience both varieties.

• 3.主谓双宾
  结构：$\{\begin{array}{ll}& \text{主+谓+人+物}\\ & \text{主+谓+物+介+人}\end{array}$

They gave justices permanent positions.
…railroads charged all customers the same average rate.

• 4.主谓宾补
  结构：主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

You always keep your eyes open.
The spooks call it “open source intelligence”.

• 5.主系表
  结构：主语+系动词+表语
  常用系动词如下表：

系动词	注解
be动词	单独使用
get/become/trun/go/grown	“变得…”
look/sound/smell/saste/feel	感官动词(看/听/闻/尝/感觉)
keep remain/seem appear/prove	保持/看起来/证明

This is a dangerous game.
Their behavior became markedly different.
And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability…

2. 简单句的核心变化

2.1 谓语动词的核心变化

谓语动词只能有一个，由一个或几个单词构成一个整体

2.1.1 谓语动词的时态变化

时态表格如下，加粗为重点掌握：

态\时	过去	现在	将来	过去将来
一般	did	do/does	will do/be going to do	would do/(was/were) going to do
进行	was/were doing	be doing	will/shall be doing
完成	had done	have/has done	will have done
完成进行	had been doing	have/has been doing	will have been doing

• 1.一般过去时
  指过去的事
  谓语动词⟹did (was/were)

Last year Japan experenced 2125 incident of school violence.
…this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word.

• 2.一般过去时
  指现在的状态，现在经常性/习惯性的事
  谓语动词⟹do/does (is/are)

So far the results are inconlusive.
Today it makes almost no difference.

• 3.一般将来时
  指现在的将来
  谓语动词⟹will do/be going to do

We will have a less civil society.
I don’t know if other clients are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hot-contested market.

• 4.过去将来时
  指过去的将来，常与一般过去时一起使用
  谓语动词⟹would do/(was/were) going to do

They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power.
For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors … was going to be the next casualty.

• 5.过去完成时
  指过去的之前
  谓语动词⟹had done

He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to five.

• 6.现在完成时
  指现在的之前，跨越过去→现在两个时间段
  谓语动词⟹have/has done

Time has given them legitimacy.
For the most part, the response has been favorable.

  补充：现在完成时常加"already,just,ever,never,lonely,also"等副词作为补充成分。

  区别：现在完成时 VS 一般过去时
   (1).宏观：时间段不同
    现在完成时时间段：过去→现在
    一般过去时时间段：过去
   (2).微观：角度不同
    现在完成时站在现在看过去
    一般过去时站在过去看过去
    现在全部完成可以替换为一般过去时
    现在部分完成不能替换为一般过去时

• 7.将来完成时
  指将来的之前
  谓语动词⟹will have done

…relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

• 8.现在完成进行时
  指某一时间点之前，强调进行的过程
  谓语动词⟹have been doing

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public…

  区别：现在完成时 VS 现在完成进行时
   (1).角度相同：
    都表示“现在的之前”
   (2).表达式不同：
    现在完成时：have/has done
    现在完成进行时：have/has been doing
   (3).强调不同：
    现在完成时：强调结果(做完与否都可以)
    现在完成进行时：强调过程

2.1.2 谓语动词的情态变化

• 1.情态动词
  情态动词表示情绪态度
  结构：情态动词+do
  其中，情态动词没有人称变化，，时态的变化有限

现在时	must	can	will	shall	may
过去时	无	could	would	should	might

• 2.情态动词表示情态
  • 1.must “必须”

  Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way…

  • 2.can/could “能够，可以”

  … and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.
  Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

  • 3.will/would “愿意，将要”

  The first draft will appear on the page.
  Potential home buyers would oheer for lower interest rates.

  • 4.may/might “可以，可能”

  … expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.
  Such bodily rection might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress.

• 3.情态动词表示推测
  must → can/could will/would may/might → can’t/couldn’t

The details may be unknowable.
It might be poectic,philosophical,sensual or mathematical,but in any case it must have something to do with the soul of the human being.

• 4.情态动词的变体
  情态动词+have done/be doing

… the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened.
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

2.1.3 谓语动词的语态变化

主动语态：主语与谓语动词主动关系
被动语态：主语与谓语动词被动关系

• 1.被动语态
  结构：be done
  be 表示被动的时间与主语的单复数
  done 表示被动的动作
  

• 2.被动语态与时态相结合

时态	固定搭配
一般过去时(过去被)	was/were done
一般现在时(现在被)	am/is/are done
一般将来时(将来被)	will be done
过去将来时(过去将来被)	would be done
过去进行时(过去正在被)	was/were being done
现在进行时(现在正在被)	am/is/are being done
过去完成时(过去之前被)	had been done
现在完成时(现在之前被)	have/has been done

For example,lighting was always changed on a sunday.
Our subway trains are controllled by tireless robotdrivers.
The study of law has been recognized for conturies as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.

• 3.被动语态与情态相结合

In the internet age, at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.
Those first few days should be spent looking for work.

2.1.4 谓语动词的否定变化

• 1.实义动词变否定
  助动词 do/does/did+not+动词原形

American professors did not possess one.

• 2.助动词和情态动词否定
  助动词和情态动词+not

To be sure, the future is not all rosy.
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with human.
… average height … hasn’t really changed since 1960.

2.1.5 谓语动词的强调变化

助动词do/does/did + 动词原形

Although the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter.
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future.

2.2 主语、宾语、表语的变化

2.2.1 名词、代词作主宾表

The process is natural selection.
But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.

2.2.2 非谓语动词doing作主宾

• 1.非谓语动词doing作主语
  • 1.不及物动词doing作主语(系动词三单形式)

  …laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.

  • 2.及物动词doing sth/sb 作主语

  Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my descision”…

  • 3.加入形容词、副词、介词短语修饰doing sth/sb作主语

  Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoive will not be enough.

• 2.非谓语动词doing作宾语

Americans stoped taking prosperity for granted.
Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain.

2.2.3 非谓语动词to do作主宾表

• 1.非谓语动词to do作主语

… to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.

后置用法

It is important to do so.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today.

• 2.非谓语动词to do作宾语

Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.

主谓宾补后置用法：

The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals.

• 3.非谓语动词to do作表语

The trick is to direct these funds better.

2.2.4 并列多个主宾表语

• 1.and/both…and…/not only…but also…

New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes.

• 2.or/either…or…

Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire ladscapes.
…the amateners have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

• 3.neither…nor…

today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.