1. 背景
* 在生产环境下，安全总是无法忽视的问题，数据库安全则是重中之重，因为所有的数据都存放在数据库中
* 当使用非加密方式连接MySQL数据库时，在网络中传输的所有信息都是明文的，可以被网络中所有人截取，敏感信息可能被泄露。在传送敏感信息（如密码）时，可以采用SSL连接的方式。
* 版本小于5.7.6时按照 MySQL 5.6 SSL配置的方式进行。
2. MySQL 连接方式
* socket连接
* TCP非SSL连接
* SSL安全连接
* SSL + 密码连接 [version > MySQL 5.7.5]
* SSL + 密码 + 密钥连接
3. SSL 简介
* SSL指的是SSL/TLS，其是一种为了在计算机网络进行安全通信的加密协议。假设用户的传输不是通过SSL的方式，那么其在网络中以明文的方式进行传输，而这给别有用心的人带来了可乘之机。所以，现在很多网站其实默认已经开启了SSL功能，比如Facebook、Twtter、YouTube、淘宝等。
4. 环境 [ 关闭SeLinux ]
* system 环境
[root@MySQL ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.9 (Final) [root@MySQL ~]# uname -r 2.6.32-696.3.2.el6.x86_64 [root@MySQL ~]# getenforce Disabled
* MySQL 环境 [ MySQL 5.7安装前面篇章已做详细介绍 ]
have_openssl 与 have_ssl 值都为DISABLED表示ssl未开启
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -p'123' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 6 Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> select version(); +-----------+ | version() | +-----------+ | 5.7.18 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'have%ssl%'; +---------------+----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+----------+ | have_openssl | DISABLED | | have_ssl | DISABLED | +---------------+----------+ 2 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> show variables like 'port'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | port | 3306 | +---------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> show variables like 'datadir'; +---------------+-------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------------------+ | datadir | /data/mysql_data/ | +---------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
5. SSL配置
* 利用自带工具生成SSL相关文件
[root@MySQL ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_ssl_rsa_setup --datadir=/data/mysql_data Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key ..........................................................................+++ .....+++ writing new private key to 'ca-key.pem' ----- Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key .......................................................................................................................................................................+++ ...+++ writing new private key to 'server-key.pem' ----- Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key .....................+++ ...........................................+++ writing new private key to 'client-key.pem' -----
* 查看生成的SSL文件
[root@MySQL ~]# ls -l /data/mysql_data/*.pem -rw------- 1 root root 1679 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/ca-key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1074 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/ca.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1078 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/client-cert.pem -rw------- 1 root root 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/client-key.pem -rw------- 1 root root 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/private_key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 451 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/public_key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1078 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/server-cert.pem -rw------- 1 root root 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/server-key.pem
* 修改数据目录下生成的SSL文件所属用户与权限
[root@MySQL ~]# chown -v mysql.mysql /data/mysql_data/*.pem changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/ca-key.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/ca.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/client-cert.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/client-key.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/private_key.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/public_key.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/server-cert.pem' to mysql:mysql changed ownership of `/data/mysql_data/server-key.pem' to mysql:mysql
* 查看生成的SSL文件
[root@MySQL ~]# ls -l /data/mysql_data/*.pem -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1679 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/ca-key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1074 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/ca.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1078 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/client-cert.pem -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/client-key.pem -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/private_key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 451 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/public_key.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1078 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/server-cert.pem -rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1675 Jun 24 20:54 /data/mysql_data/server-key.pem
* 重启 MySQL 服务
[root@MySQL ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
* 连接MySQL 查看SSL开启状态
have_openssl 与 have_ssl 值都为YES表示ssl开启成功
mysql> show variables like 'have%ssl%'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | have_openssl | YES | | have_ssl | YES | +---------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
6. SSL + 密码连接测试
* 创建用户并指定 SSL 连接 [ MySQL 5.7后推荐使用create user 方式创建用户 ]
mysql> create user 'ssl_test'@'%' identified by '123' require SSL; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
* 通过密码连接测试 [ 默认采用SSL连接，需要指定不使用SSL连接 ]
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -h 192.168.60.129 -ussl_test -p'123' --ssl=0 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'ssl_test'@'192.168.60.129' (using password: YES)
* 通过 SSL + 密码 连接测试
SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA 表示通过SSL连接
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -h 192.168.60.129 -ussl_test -p'123' --ssl mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. WARNING: --ssl is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use --ssl-mode instead. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 12 Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> \s -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.18, for linux-glibc2.5 (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 12 Current database: Current user: [email protected] SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Current pager: stdout Using outfile: '' Using delimiter: ; Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Protocol version: 10 Connection: 192.168.60.129 via TCP/IP Server characterset: latin1 Db characterset: latin1 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 TCP port: 3306 Uptime: 7 min 34 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 29 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 112 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 105 Queries per second avg: 0.063 --------------
7. SSL + 密码 + 密钥连接
* 创建用户并指定 X509 [ SSL+密钥 ] 连接 [ MySQL 5.7后推荐使用create user 方式创建用户 ]
mysql> create user 'X509_test'@'%' identified by '123' require X509; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
* 通过密码连接测试
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -h 192.168.60.129 -uX509_test -p'123' --ssl=0 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'X509_test'@'192.168.60.129' (using password: YES)
* 通过 SSL +密码 连接测试
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -h 192.168.60.129 -uX509_test -p'123' --ssl mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'X509_test'@'192.168.60.129' (using password: YES)
* 通过 SSL + 密码＋密钥连接测试
SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA 表示通过SSL连接
[root@MySQL ~]# mysql -h 192.168.60.129 -uX509_test -p'123' --ssl-cert=/data/mysql_data/client-cert.pem --ssl-key=/data/mysql_data/client-key.pem mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 21 Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> \s -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.18, for linux-glibc2.5 (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 21 Current database: Current user: [email protected] SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA Current pager: stdout Using outfile: '' Using delimiter: ; Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Protocol version: 10 Connection: 192.168.60.129 via TCP/IP Server characterset: latin1 Db characterset: latin1 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 TCP port: 3306 Uptime: 18 min 27 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 40 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 118 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 111 Queries per second avg: 0.036 --------------
8. 总结
以需求驱动技术，技术本身没有优略之分，只有业务之分。