简介
Elastalert是用python2写的一个报警框架(目前支持python2.6和2.7，不支持3.x)，github地址为 https://github.com/Yelp/elastalert。他提供不同场景的规则配置，若觉得规则、告警不满足需求时，可以用python编写插件Adding a New Rule Type、Adding a New Alerter。
环境
系统：centos6.8
python：2.7.12（请参看升级centos6 默认python版本到2.7.12）
elasticsearch：5.5
kibana：5.5
Elastalert内置的告警方式：
- Email JIRA
- OpsGenie
- Commands
- HipChat MS
- Teams Slack
- Telegram
- AWS SNS
- VictorOps
- PagerDuty
- Exotel
- Twilio
- Gitter
安装
pip安装elastalert
安装pip包管理工具（参考）
$ pip install elastalert
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或者 git clone (推荐)
$ git clone https://github.com/Yelp/elastalert.git - 1
安装模块
$ pip install "setuptools>=11.3"
$ python setup.py install
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根据不同的Elasticsearch版本安装elasticsearch-py。
Elasticsearch 5.x/2.x
$ pip install "elasticsearch>=5.0.0" ##5.x
$ pip install "elasticsearch<3.0.0" ##2.x
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将源码放置在你指定的目录下：
$ cd /usr/local/elastalert/
$ cp config.yaml.example config.yaml
$ mkdir es_rules
[xxx@crmnginx elastalert]$ egrep -v '^#|^$' config.yaml rules_folder: es_rules run_every: minutes: 5 buffer_time: minutes: 5 es_host: 10.xx.xx.xxx es_port: xxxx use_ssl: false verify_certs: false es_username: elastic es_password: changeme writeback_index: elastalert_status alert_time_limit: days: 2 $ ll [root@crmnginx elastalert]# ll total 124 drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 build -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9737 Nov 12 09:39 changelog.md -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2001 Nov 12 14:39 config.yaml -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2029 Nov 12 09:39 config.yaml.example drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 dist -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 261 Nov 12 09:39 docker-compose.yml -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 264 Nov 12 09:39 Dockerfile-test drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 docs drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 11:15 elastalert drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 elastalert.egg-info drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 14:14 elastalert_modules drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 14:51 es_rules drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 example_rules -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11359 Nov 12 09:39 LICENSE -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 480 Nov 12 09:39 Makefile -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 15945 Nov 12 09:39 README.md -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 87 Nov 12 09:39 requirements-dev.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 372 Nov 12 09:39 requirements.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Nov 12 09:39 setup.cfg -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1650 Nov 12 09:39 setup.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 117 Nov 12 11:14 smtp_auth_file.yaml -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 780 Nov 12 09:39 supervisord.conf.example drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 12 09:39 tests -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 606 Nov 12 09:39 tox.ini - 1
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配置解析
此处的配置文件是指config.yaml文件。
- rules_folder：ElastAlert将加载规则配置文件的地方，它将尝试加载文件夹中的每个.yaml文件(这里是加载es_rules目录下)。
- run_every：ElastAlert查询Elasticsearch的频率。
- buffer_time：是查询窗口的大小，从每个查询运行的时间向后延伸。对于其中use_count_query或use_terms_query设置为true的规则，此值将被忽略。
- es_host：是Elasticsearch集群的地址，ElastAlert将存储有关其状态、查询运行、警报和错误的数据。每个规则也可以设置不同的elasticsearch主机进行查询。
- es_port：Elasticsearch对应的端口。
- use_ssl： （可选的）是否使用TLS;连接到es_host；设置为True或False。
- verify_certs： （可选的）是否验证TLS证书; 设置为True或False，默认是True。
- client_cert： （可选的）PEM证书的路径。
- client_key： （可选的） 作为客户端密钥使用的私钥文件的路径。
- ca_certs： （可选的） 用于验证SSL连接的CA证书的路径。
- es_username： （可选的） 用于连接Elasticsearch的basic-auth用户名。
- es_password： （可选的） 用于连接Elasticsearch的密码。
- es_url_prefix： （可选的） Elasticsearch端点的URL前缀。
- es_send_get_body_as： （可选的） 查询Elasticsearch方法- GET，POST或- source，默认是GET。
- writeback_index：是ElastAlert将存储数据的索引名称。
- alert_time_limit： 是失败警报的重试窗口。
创建Elasticsearch索引
elastalert-create-index这个命令会在elasticsearch创建索引，便于ElastAlert将有关其查询及其警报的信息和元数据保存回Elasticsearch。这不是必须的步骤，但是强烈建议创建。因为对于审计，测试很有用，并且重启elastalert不影响计数和发送alert。默认情况下，创建的索引叫 elastalert_status。
$ elastalert-create-index --host 10.xxx.xx.xxx --port xxxx --username xxx --password xxx --no-ssl --no-verify-certs
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创建成功之后，我们可以在Elasticsearch中看到所创建的索引elastalert_status：
$ curl -u xxx 'localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v' |grep elastalert_status
green open elastalert_status eWjVRAzjTX2vmhvAK931Ng 5 1 110 0 513.8kb 266kb - 1
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elastalert_status
ElastAlert 根据elastalert_status去确定首次启动的时候在什么时间范围内去查询，以避免重复查询。对于每个规则，它将从最近的结束时间开始查询。包括：
- @timestamp：文件上传到Elasticsearch的时间。这是在运行查询并且已经处理结果之后。
- rule_name：相应规则的名称。
- starttime：查询的开始时间戳。
- endtime：查询结束时间戳。
- hits：查询结果的数量。
- matches：处理命中后规则返回的匹配数。请注意，这并不一定意味着警报被触发。
- time_taken：此查询运行所需的秒数。
配置SMTP邮件报警
在/usr/local/elastalert/目录下创建文件smtp_auth_file.yaml，内容如下：
[root@crmnginx elastalert]$ cat smtp_auth_file.yaml
#邮箱用户名
user: [email protected]
##不是邮箱密码，是设置的SMTP密码 password: YdYfxxx - 1
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配置规则
在es_rules目录下修改配置文件，如下：
$ cd /opt/elastalert/es_rules
[xxx@crmnginx elastalert]$ egrep -v '^#|^$' es_rules/frequency.yaml es_host: 10.xxx.xx.xxx es_port: 9200 use_ssl: false verify_certs: false es_username: xxx es_password: xxx name: es_rule writeback_index: elastalert_status type: frequency index: logstash-nginx-* num_events: 5 timeframe: minutes: 5 filter: - query: query_string: query: "status:>=400" query_string: query: "status: >=500" #SMTP configration smtp_host: smtp.263.net smtp_port: 25 #SMTP auth smtp_auth_file: /usr/local/elastalert/smtp_auth_file.yaml email_reply_to: [email protected] from_addr: [email protected] # (Required) # The alert is use when a match is found alert: - "email" # (required, email specific) # a list of email addresses to send alerts to email: - "[email protected]" - 1
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上述规则表示：在elastalert执行的五分钟内，出现五条有status:>=400 或者 status: >=500的日志，则触发告警，并且告警通知将以email的形式从[email protected]邮箱发送给[email protected]
规则配置解析：
-
es_host、es_port：应该指向我们要查询的Elasticsearch集群。
-
name：是这个规则的唯一名称。如果两个规则共享相同的名称，ElastAlert将不会启动。
-
type：每个规则都有不同的类型，可能会采用不同的参数。该frequency类型表示“在timeframe时间内匹配成功次数超过num_events发出警报”。有关其他类型的信息，请参阅规则类型。
-
index：要查询的索引的名称。配置，从某类索引里读取数据，目前已经支持Ymd格式，需要先设置use_strftime_index:true，然后匹配索引，配置形如：index: logstash-es-test%Y.%m.%d，表示匹配logstash-es-test名称开头，以年月日作为索引后缀的index。
-
num_events：此参数特定于frequency类型，是触发警报时的阈值。
-
timeframe：timeframe是num_events必须发生的时间段。
-
filter：是用于过滤结果的Elasticsearch过滤器列表。有关
详细信息，请参阅编写过滤规则。 -
email：是要发送警报的地址列表。
-
alert：配置，设置触发报警时执行哪些报警手段。不同的type还有自己独特的配置选项。目前ElastAlert 有以下几种自带ruletype：
- any：只要有匹配就报警；
- blacklist：compare_key字段的内容匹配上 blacklist数组里任意内容；
- whitelist：compare_key字段的内容一个都没能匹配上whitelist数组里内容；
- change：在相同query_key条件下，compare_key字段的内容，在 timeframe范围内 发送变化；
- frequency：在相同 query_key条件下，timeframe 范围内有num_events个被过滤出 来的异常；
- spike：在相同query_key条件下，前后两个timeframe范围内数据量相差比例超过spike_height。其中可以通过spike_type设置具体涨跌方向是- up,down,both 。还可以通过threshold_ref设置要求上一个周期数据量的下限，threshold_cur设置要求当前周期数据量的下限，如果数据量不到下限，也不触发；
- flatline：timeframe 范围内，数据量小于threshold 阈值；
- new_term：fields字段新出现之前terms_window_size(默认30天)范围内最多的terms_size (默认50)个结果以外的数据；
- cardinality：在相同 query_key条件下，timeframe范围内cardinality_field的值超过 max_cardinality 或者低于min_cardinality
demo测试
命令如下：
$ python -m elastalert.elastalert --config ./config.yaml #运行命令，加载所有rules
$ python -m elastalert.elastalert --config ./config.yaml --rule ./es_rules/frequency.yaml ## 或者单独执行 rules_folder 里的某个 rule
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给Elasticsearch添加测试数据：
$ curl -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:9200/logstash-nginx-xx/test" -d '{
"@timestamp": "2018-11-12T10:54:41.000Z",
"status": "500"
}'
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产看邮件报警
配置微信报警
微信报警项目地址：https://github.com/anjia0532/elastalert-wechat-plugin
配置地址：https://anjia0532.github.io/2017/02/16/elastalert-wechat-plugin/
配置文件
$ cd ~/
$ git clone https://github.com/Yelp/elastalert.git
$ cd elastalert
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anjia0532/elastalert-wechat-plugin/master/elastalert_modules/wechat_qiye_alert.py
$ touch ~/elastalert/elastalert_modules/__init__.py $ cp config.yaml.example config.yaml $ vi es_rules/wechat_frequency.yaml - 1
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[root@crmnginx elastalert]# egrep -v '^#|^$' es_rules/wechat_frequency.yaml
es_host: 10.xxx.xx.xxx
es_port: xxxx
use_ssl: false
verify_certs: false es_username: xx es_password: xxxx name: es_rule writeback_index: elastalert_status type: frequency index: logstash-nginx-* num_events: 1 timeframe: minutes: 1 filter: - query: query_string: query: "status:>=400" query_string: query: "status: >=500" alert: - "elastalert_modules.wechat_qiye_alert.WeChatAlerter" #后台登陆后【设置】->【权限管理】->【普通管理组】->【创建并设置通讯录和应用权限】->【CorpID，Secret】 #设置微信企业号的appid corp_id: 'xx' #设置微信企业号的Secret secret: 'xxx' #后台登陆后【应用中心】->【选择应用】->【应用id】 #设置微信企业号应用id agent_id: 'x' #部门id party_id: 'x' #用户微信号 user_id: xx # 标签id tag_id: xx - 1
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微信接收报警截图
配置微信报警模版
在rule文件加上一下内容：
alert:
- "elastalert_modules.wechat_qiye_alert.WeChatAlerter"
alert_text_type: alert_text_only
alert_text: |
========start========= 告警程序: elasticsearch_alert 告警主题: 接口 {} 响应时间大于2秒! 触发时间: {} request: {} responsetime: {} domain: 此域名 {} 下接口告警 status: {} upstreamaddr: {} num_hits: {} num_method: {} clientip: {} 参考来源: {} ========end========== alert_text_args: - request - "@timestamp" - request - responsetime - domain - status - upstreamaddr - num_hits - num_method - client - path - 1
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安装python爬虫scrapy踩过的那些坑和编程外的思考
这些天应朋友的要求抓取某个论坛帖子的信息，网上搜索了一下开源的爬虫资料，看了许多对于开源爬虫的比较发现开源爬虫scrapy比较好用。但是以前一直用的java和php，对python不熟悉，于是花一天时间粗略了解了一遍python的基础知识。然后就开干了，没想到的配置一个运行环境就花了我一天时间。下面记录下安装和配置scrapy踩过的那些坑吧。
运行环境：CentOS 6.0 虚拟机
开始上来先得安装python运行环境。然而我运行了一下python命令，发现已经自带了，窃（大）喜（坑）。于是google搜索了一下安装步骤，pip install Scrapy直接安装，发现不对。少了pip，于是安装pip。再次pip install Scrapy，发现少了python-devel，于是这么来回折腾了一上午。后来下载了scrapy的源码安装，突然曝出一个需要python2.7版本，再通过python --version查看，一个2.6映入眼前；顿时千万个草泥马在心中奔腾。
于是查看了官方文档（http://doc.scrapy.org/en/master/intro/install.html），果然是要python2.7。没办法，只能升级python的版本了。
1、升级python
- 下载python2.7并安装
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.10/Python-2.7.10.tgz tar -zxvf Python-2.7.10.tgz cd Python-2.7.10 ./configure make all make installmake clean make distclean
- 检查python版本
python --version
发现还是2.6
- 更改python命令指向
mv /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2.6.6_bak ln -s /usr/local/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python
- 再次检查版本
# python --version Python 2.7.10
到这里，python算是升级完成了，继续安装scrapy。于是pip install scrapy，还是报错。
-bash: pip: command not found
- 安装pip
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py python get-pip.py
于是pip install scrapy，还是报错
Collecting Twisted>=10.0.0 (from scrapy) Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Twisted>=10.0.0 (from scrapy) (from versions: ) No matching distribution found for Twisted>=10.0.0 (from scrapy)
少了Twisted，于是安装Twisted
2、安装Twisted
- 下载Twisted（https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/T/Twisted/Twisted-15.2.1.tar.bz2#md5=4be066a899c714e18af1ecfcb01cfef7）
- 安装
wget https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/T/Twisted/Twisted-15.2.1.tar.bz2
tar -xjvf Twisted-15.2.1.tar.bz2
cd Twisted-15.2.1
python setup.py install
- 查看是否安装成功
python Python 2.7.10 (default, Jun 5 2015, 17:56:24) [GCC 4.4.4 20100726 (Red Hat 4.4.4-13)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import twisted >>>
此时索命twisted已经安装成功。于是继续pip install scrapy，还是报错。
3、安装libxlst、libxml2和xslt-config
Collecting libxlst Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement libxlst (from versions: ) No matching distribution found for libxlst
Collecting libxml2 Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement libxml2 (from versions: ) No matching distribution found for libxml2
wget http://xmlsoft.org/sources/libxslt-1.1.28.tar.gz
tar -zxvf libxslt-1.1.28.tar.gz cd libxslt-1.1.28/ ./configure make make install
wget ftp://xmlsoft.org/libxml2/libxml2-git-snapshot.tar.gz
tar -zxvf libxml2-git-snapshot.tar.gz cd libxml2-2.9.2/ ./configure make make install
安装好以后继续pip install scrapy，幸运之星仍未降临
4、安装cryptography
Failed building wheel for cryptography
下载cryptography（https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.4.tar.gz）
安装
wget https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.4.tar.gz
tar -zxvf cryptography-0.4.tar.gz
cd cryptography-0.4
python setup.py build
python setup.py install
发现安装的时候报错：
No package 'libffi' found
于是下载libffi下载并安装
wget ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.2.1.tar.gz tar -zxvf libffi-3.2.1.tar.gz
cd libffi-3.2.1
./configure make make install
安装后发现仍然报错
Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
No package 'libffi' found
于是设置：PKG_CONFIG_PATH
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH
再次安装scrapy
pip install scrapy
幸运女神都去哪儿了？
ImportError: libffi.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
于是
whereis libffi
libffi: /usr/local/lib/libffi.a /usr/local/lib/libffi.la /usr/local/lib/libffi.so
已经正常安装，网上搜索了一通，发现是LD_LIBRARY_PATH没设置，于是
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
于是继续安装cryptography-0.4
python setup.py build python setup.py install
此时正确安装，没有报错信息了。
5、继续安装scrapy
pip install scrapy
看着提示信息：
Building wheels for collected packages: cryptography Running setup.py bdist_wheel for cryptography
在这里停了好久，在想幸运女神是不是到了。等了一会
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): zope.interface>=3.6.0 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/zope.interface-4.1.2-py2.7-linux-i686.egg (from Twisted>=10.0.0->scrapy)
Collecting cryptography>=0.7 (from pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Using cached cryptography-0.9.tar.gz
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): setuptools in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from zope.interface>=3.6.0->Twisted>=10.0.0->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): idna in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pyasn1 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): enum34 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): ipaddress in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): cffi>=0.8 in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): ordereddict in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from enum34->cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pycparser in /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages (from cffi>=0.8->cryptography>=0.7->pyOpenSSL->scrapy)
Building wheels for collected packages: cryptography
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for cryptography
Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/d7/64/02/7258f08eae0b9c930c04209959c9a0794b9729c2b64258117e
Successfully built cryptography
Installing collected packages: cryptography
Found existing installation: cryptography 0.4
Uninstalling cryptography-0.4:
Successfully uninstalled cryptography-0.4
Successfully installed cryptography-0.9
显示如此的信息。看到此刻，内流马面。谢谢CCAV，感谢MTV，钓鱼岛是中国的。终于安装成功了。
6、测试scrapy
创建测试脚本
cat > myspider.py <
测试脚本能否正常运行
scrapy runspider myspider.py
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Scrapy 1.0.0rc2 started (bot: scrapybot)
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Optional features available: ssl, http11
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Overridden settings: {}
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [py.warnings] WARNING: :0: UserWarning: You do not have a working installation of the service_identity module: 'No module named service_identity'. Please install it from and make sure all of its dependencies are satisfied. Without the service_identity module and a recent enough pyOpenSSL to support it, Twisted can perform only rudimentary TLS client hostname verification. Many valid certificate/hostname mappings may be rejected.
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled extensions: CloseSpider, TelnetConsole, LogStats, CoreStats, SpiderState
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled downloader middlewares: HttpAuthMiddleware, DownloadTimeoutMiddleware, UserAgentMiddleware, RetryMiddleware, DefaultHeadersMiddleware, MetaRefreshMiddleware, HttpCompressionMiddleware, RedirectMiddleware, CookiesMiddleware, ChunkedTransferMiddleware, DownloaderStats
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled spider middlewares: HttpErrorMiddleware, OffsiteMiddleware, RefererMiddleware, UrlLengthMiddleware, DepthMiddleware
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled item pipelines:
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Spider opened
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)
2015-06-06 20:25:16 [scrapy] DEBUG: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023
2015-06-06 20:25:17 [scrapy] DEBUG: Crawled (200)
运行正常（此时心中窃喜，^_^....）。
7、创建自己的scrapy项目（此时换了一个会话）
scrapy startproject tutorial
输出以下信息
Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/bin/scrapy", line 9, inload_entry_point('Scrapy==1.0.0rc2', 'console_scripts', 'scrapy')() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 552, in load_entry_point return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2672, in load_entry_point return ep.load() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2345, in load return self.resolve() File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2351, in resolve module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0) File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Scrapy-1.0.0rc2-py2.7.egg/scrapy/__init__.py", line 48, in from scrapy.spiders import Spider File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Scrapy-1.0.0rc2-py2.7.egg/scrapy/spiders/__init__.py", line 10, in from scrapy.http import Request File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Scrapy-1.0.0rc2-py2.7.egg/scrapy/http/__init__.py", line 11, in from scrapy.http.request.form import FormRequest File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Scrapy-1.0.0rc2-py2.7.egg/scrapy/http/request/form.py", line 9, in import lxml.html File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/lxml/html/__init__.py", line 42, in from lxml import etree ImportError: /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2: version `LIBXML2_2.9.0' not found (required by /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/lxml/etree.so)
心中无数个草泥马再次狂奔。怎么又不行了？难道会变戏法？定定神看了下：ImportError: /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2: version `LIBXML2_2.9.0' not found (required by /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/lxml/etree.so)。这是那样的熟悉呀！想了想，这怎么和前面的ImportError: libffi.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory那么类似呢？于是
8、添加环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
再次运行：
scrapy startproject tutorial
输出以下信息：
[root@bogon scrapy]# scrapy startproject tutorial
2015-06-06 20:35:43 [scrapy] INFO: Scrapy 1.0.0rc2 started (bot: scrapybot)
2015-06-06 20:35:43 [scrapy] INFO: Optional features available: ssl, http11
2015-06-06 20:35:43 [scrapy] INFO: Overridden settings: {}
New Scrapy project 'tutorial' created in:
/root/scrapy/tutorial
You can start your first spider with:
cd tutorial
scrapy genspider example example.com
尼玛的终于成功了。由此可见，scrapy运行的时候需要LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量的支持。可以考虑将其加入环境变量中
vi /etc/profile
添加：export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib 这行（前面的PKG_CONFIG_PATH也可以考虑添加进来，export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH）
注：安装的时候可以留意Libraries安装的路径，以libffi为例：
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libffi.so.6.0.4 /usr/local/lib/../lib64/libffi.so.6.0.4
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/lib/../lib64 && { ln -s -f libffi.so.6.0.4 libffi.so.6 || { rm -f libffi.so.6 && ln -s libffi.so.6.0.4 libffi.so.6; }; })
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/lib/../lib64 && { ln -s -f libffi.so.6.0.4 libffi.so || { rm -f libffi.so && ln -s libffi.so.6.0.4 libffi.so; }; })
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libffi.lai /usr/local/lib/../lib64/libffi.la
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libffi.a /usr/local/lib/../lib64/libffi.a
libtool: install: chmod 644 /usr/local/lib/../lib64/libffi.a
libtool: install: ranlib /usr/local/lib/../lib64/libffi.a
libtool: finish: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/www/wdlinux/mysql/bin:/root/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/local/lib/../lib64
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries have been installed in:
/usr/local/lib/../lib64
If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR'
flag during linking and do at least one of the following:
- add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
during execution
- add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
during linking
- use the `-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag
- have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf'
See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
/bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/share/info'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ../doc/libffi.info '/usr/local/share/info'
install-info --info-dir='/usr/local/share/info' '/usr/local/share/info/libffi.info'
/bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 libffi.pc '/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
make[3]: Leaving directory `/root/python/libffi-3.2.1/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/python/libffi-3.2.1/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/python/libffi-3.2.1/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu'
这里可以知道libffi安装的路径为/usr/local/lib/../lib64，因此在引入LD_LIBRARY_PATH时应该为：export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH，此处需要特别留意。
保存后检查是否存在异常：
source /etc/profile
开一个新的会话运行
scrapy runspider myspider.py
发现正常运行，可见LD_LIBRARY_PATH是生效的。至此scrapy就算正式安装成功了。
查看scrapy版本：运行scrapy version，看了下scrapy的版本为“Scrapy 1.0.0rc2”
9、编程外的思考(感谢阅读到此的你，我自己都有点晕了。)
-
- 有没有更好的安装方式呢？我的这种安装方式是否有问题？有的话请告诉我。（很多依赖包我采用pip和easy_install都无法安装，感觉是pip配置文件配置源的问题）
- 一定要看官方的文档，Google和百度出来的结果往往是碎片化的，不全面。这样可以少走很多弯路，减少不必要的工作量。
- 遇到的问题要先思考，想想是什么问题再Google和百度。
- 解决问题要形成文档，方便自己也方便别人。
10、参考文档
http://scrapy.org/
http://doc.scrapy.org/en/master/
http://blog.csdn.net/slvher/article/details/42346887
http://blog.csdn.net/niying/article/details/27103081
http://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoruoen/archive/2013/02/27/2933854.html
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