1、每12小时备份并压缩/etc/目录至/backup目录中,保存文件名称格式为,“etc-年-月-日-时-分.tar.gz”
[root@localhost backup]# crontab -l
0 */12 * * * /usr/bin/tar -zcf /backup/etc-$(date +\%F-\%H-\%M-\%S).tar.gz /etc
2、rpm包管理功能总结以及实例应用演 示。
概述:
系统级开发:(直接调用硬件资源)
C/C++:httpd, vsftpd, nginx
go
应用级开发:
java/Python/perl/ruby/php:
java: hadoop, hbase, (jvm)
Python:openstack, (pvm)
perl: (perl)
ruby: (ruby)
php: (php)
C/C++程序格式:
源代码:文本格式的程序代码;
编译开发环境:编译器、头文件、开发库
二进制格式:文本格式的程序代码 --> 编译器 --> 二进制格式(二进制程序、库文件、配置文件、帮助文件)
java/python程序格式:
源代码:编译成能够在其虚拟机(jvm/pvm)运行的格式;
开发环境:编译器、开发库
二进制
项目构建工具:
c/c++: make
java: maven
程序包管理器:
源代码 --> 目标二进制格式(二进制程序、库文件、配置文件、帮助文件) --> 组织成为一个或有限几个“包”文件;
安装、升级、卸载、查询、校验
程序包管理器:
debian:dpt, dpkg, ".deb"
redhat:redhat package manager, rpm, ".rpm"; rpm is package manager;
S.u.S.E:rpm, ".rpm",
Gentoo:ports
ArchLinux:
源代码:name-VERSION.tar.gz
VERSION:major.minor.release
rpm包命名格式:
name-VERSION-release.arch.rpm
VERSION:major.minor.release
release.arch:rpm包的发行号
release.os: 2.el7.i386.rpm
archetecture:i386, x64(amd64), ppc, noarch
redis-3.0.2.tar.gz --> redis-3.0.2-1.centos7.x64.rpm
拆包:主包和支包
主包:name-VERSION-release.arch.rpm
支包:name-function-VERSION-release.arch.rpm
function:devel, utils, libs, ...
依赖关系:
X, Y, Z
X --> Y,Z
Y --> A, B, C
C --> Y
前端工具:自动解决依赖关系;
yum:rhel系列系统上rpm包管理器的前端工具;
apt-get (apt-cache):deb包管理器的前端工具;
zypper:suse的rpm管理器前端工具;
dnf:Fedora 22+系统上rpm包管理器的前端工具;
程序包管理器:
功能:将编译好的应用程序的各组成文件打包成一个或几个程序包文件,从而更方便地实现程序包的安装、升级、卸载和查询等管理操作;
1、程序包的组成清单(每个程序包都单独实现);
文件清单
安装或卸载时运行的脚本
2、数据库(公共)
程序包的名称和版本;
依赖关系;
功能说明;
安装生成的各文件的文件路径及校验码信息;
等等等
/var/lib/rpm/
获取程序包(rpm)的途径:
(1) 系统发行版的光盘或官方的文件服务器(或镜像站点):
http://mirrors.aliyun.com,
http://mirrors.sohu.com,
http://mirrors.163.com
(2) 项目的官方站点
(3) 第三方组织:
(a) EPEL
(b) 搜索引擎
http://pkgs.org
http://rpmfind.net
http://rpm.pbone.net
(4) 自动动手,丰衣足食
建议:检查包合法性
来源合法性;
程序包的完整性;
CentOS系统上rpm命令管理程序包:
安装、升级、卸载、查询和校验、数据库维护
rpm命令:rpm [OPTIONS] [PACKAGE_FILE]
安装:-i, --install
升级:-U, --update, -F, --freshen
卸载:-e, --erase
查询:-q, --query
校验:-V, --verify
数据库维护:--builddb, --initdb
安装:
rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE ...
GENERAL OPTIONS:
-v:verbose,详细信息
-vv:更详细的输出
[install-options]:
-h:hash marks输出进度条;每个#表示2%的进度;
--test:测试安装,检查并报告依赖关系及冲突消息等;
--nodeps:忽略依赖关系;不建议;
--replacepkgs:重新安装
注意:rpm可以自带脚本;
四类:--noscripts
preinstall:安装过程开始之前运行的脚本,%pre , --nopre
postinstall:安装过程完成之后运行的脚本,%post , --nopost
preuninstall:卸载过程真正开始执行之前运行的脚本,%preun, --nopreun
postuninstall:卸载过程完成之后运行的脚本,%postun , --nopostun
--nosignature:不检查包签名信息,不检查来源合法性;
--nodigest:不检查包完整性信息;
升级:
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...
-U:升级或安装;
-F:升级
rpm -Uvh PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm -Fvh PACKAGE_FILE ...
--oldpackage:降级;
--force:强制升级;
注意:
(1) 不要对内核做升级操作;Linux支持多内核版本并存,因此,直接安装新版本内核;
(2) 如果某原程序包的配置文件安装后曾被修改过,升级时,新版本的程序提供的同一个配置文件不会覆盖原有版本的配置文件,而是把新版本的配置文件重命名(FILENAME.rpmnew)后提供;
卸载:
rpm {-e|--erase} [--allmatches] [--nodeps] [--noscripts] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...
--allmatches:卸载所有匹配指定名称的程序包的各版本;
--nodeps:忽略依赖关系
--test:测试卸载,dry run模式
查询:
rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]
[select-options]
PACKAGE_NAME:查询指定的程序包是否已经安装,及其版本;
-a, --all:查询所有已经安装过的包;
-f FILE:查询指定的文件由哪个程序包安装生成;
-p, --package PACKAGE_FILE:用于实现对未安装的程序包执行查询操作;
--whatprovides CAPABILITY:查询指定的CAPABILITY由哪个程序包提供;
--whatrequires CAPABILITY:查询指定的CAPABILITY被哪个包所依赖;
[query-options]
--changelog:查询rpm包的changlog;
-l, --list:程序安装生成的所有文件列表;
-i, --info:程序包相关的信息,版本号、大小、所属的包组,等;
-c, --configfiles:查询指定的程序包提供的配置文件;
-d, --docfiles:查询指定的程序包提供的文档;
--provides:列出指定的程序包提供的所有的;
-R, --requires:查询指定的程序包的依赖关系(CAPABILITY);
--scripts:查看程序包自带的脚本片断;
用法:
-qi PACKAGE, -qf FILE, -qc PACKAGE, -ql PACKAGE, -qd PACKAGE
-qpi PACKAGE_FILE, -qpl PACKAGE_FILE, -qpc PACKAGE_FILE, ...
校验:
rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
S file Size differs
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs
G Group ownership differs
T mTime differs
P caPabilities differ
包来源合法性验正和完整性验正:
来源合法性验正:
完整性验正:
获取并导入信任的包制作者的密钥:
对于CentOS发行版来说:rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
验正:
(1) 安装此组织签名的程序时,会自动执行验正;
(2) 手动验正:rpm -K PACKAGE_FILE
数据库重建:
rpm管理器数据库路径:/var/lib/rpm/
查询操作:通过此处的数据库进行;
获取帮助:
CentOS 6:man rpm
CentOS 7:man rpmdb
rpm {--initdb|--rebuilddb} [--dbpath DIRECTORY] [--root DIRECTORY]
--initdb:初始化数据库,当前无任何数据库可初始化创建一个新的;当前有时不执行任何操作;
--rebuilddb:重新构建,通过读取当前系统上所有已经安装过的程序包进行重新创建;
3、yum的配置和使用总结以及yum私有仓库的创建。
yum命令的用法:
yum [options] [command] [package ...]
command is one of:
* install package1 [package2] [...]
* update [package1] [package2] [...]
* update-to [package1] [package2] [...]
* check-update
* upgrade [package1] [package2] [...]
* upgrade-to [package1] [package2] [...]
* distribution-synchronization [package1] [package2] [...]
* remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]
* list [...]
* info [...]
* provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]
* clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
* makecache
* groupinstall group1 [group2] [...]
* groupupdate group1 [group2] [...]
* grouplist [hidden] [groupwildcard] [...]
* groupremove group1 [group2] [...]
* groupinfo group1 [...]
* search string1 [string2] [...]
* shell [filename]
* resolvedep dep1 [dep2] [...]
* localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)
* localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)
* reinstall package1 [package2] [...]
* downgrade package1 [package2] [...]
* deplist package1 [package2] [...]
* repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
* version [ all | installed | available | group-* | nogroups* | grouplist | groupinfo ]
* history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]
* check
* help [command]
显示仓库列表:
repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
# yum repolist
显示程序包:
list
# yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]
# yum list {available|installed|updates} [glob_exp1] [...]
安装程序包:
install package1 [package2] [...]
reinstall package1 [package2] [...] (重新安装)
升级程序包:
update [package1] [package2] [...]
downgrade package1 [package2] [...] (降级)
检查可用升级:
check-update
卸载程序包:
remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]
查看程序包information:
info [...]
查看指定的特性(可以是某文件)是由哪个程序包所提供:
provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]
清理本地缓存:
clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
构建缓存:
makecache
搜索:
search string1 [string2] [...]
以指定的关键字搜索程序包名及summary信息;
查看指定包所依赖的capabilities:
deplist package1 [package2] [...]
查看yum事务历史:
history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]
安装及升级本地程序包:
* localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)
* localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)
包组管理的相关命令:
* groupinstall group1 [group2] [...]
* groupupdate group1 [group2] [...]
* grouplist [hidden] [groupwildcard] [...]
* groupremove group1 [group2] [...]
* groupinfo group1 [...]
如何使用光盘当作本地yum仓库:
(1) 挂载光盘至某目录,例如/media/cdrom
# mount -r -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
(2) 创建配置文件
[CentOS7]
name=
baseurl=
gpgcheck=
enabled=
yum的命令行选项:
--nogpgcheck:禁止进行gpg check;
-y: 自动回答为“yes”;
-q:静默模式;
--disablerepo=repoidglob:临时禁用此处指定的repo;
--enablerepo=repoidglob:临时启用此处指定的repo;
--noplugins:禁用所有插件;
yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量:
$releasever: 当前OS的发行版的主版本号; centos 6.6 主版本号6
$arch: 平台; i386 i486 i586 x64
$basearch:基础平台; 全部识别为i386
4、写一个脚本实现列出以下菜单给用户:
(1)disk:show disk info信息
(2)mem: show memory info信息
(3)cpu: show cpu info信息
(*)quit
[root@localhost script]# cat menu.sh
#!/bin/bash
#
cat << EOF
disk: show disk info
mem: show memory info
cpu: show cpu info
quit:
EOF
read -p "Select Mune: " option
if [[ "$option" == "disk" ]];then
fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z]
elif [[ "$option" == "mem" ]];then
free -m
elif [[ "$option" == "cpu" ]];then
lscpu
elif [[ "$option" == "quit" ]];then
echo "quit"
else
echo "Please input option"
fi
5、sed用法总结并结合实例演示
sed [OPTION]... 'script' [input-file] ...
常用选项:
-n:不输出模式空间中的内容至屏幕;
-e script, --expression=script:多点编辑;
-f /PATH/TO/SED_SCRIPT_FILE
每行一个编辑命令;
-r, --regexp-extended:支持使用扩展正则表达式;
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]:直接编辑原文件 ;
~]# sed -e 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' -e '/^UUID/d' /etc/fstab
地址定界:
(1) 空地址:对全文进行处理;
(2) 单地址:
#:指定行;
/pattern/:被此模式所匹配到的每一行;
(3) 地址范围
#,#:起始行,结束行
#,+#:
#,/pat1/
/pat1/,/pat2/
$:最后一行;
(4) 步进:~
1~2:所有奇数行
2~2:所有偶数行
编辑命令:
d:删除; ******特殊的操作******
[root@localhost ~]# sed '1,5d' /etc/fstab
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^UUID/d' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^#/d' /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '3d' /etc/fstab #删除第3行
#
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '1~2d' /etc/fstab #显示偶数行
#
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
#
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
p:显示模式空间中的内容;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '1~2p' /etc/fstab #奇数行显示两遍
#
# /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed -n '1~2p' /etc/fstab #显示奇数行
# /etc/fstab
#
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
a \text:在行后面追加文本“text”,支持使用\n实现多行追加;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '3a \new line' /etc/fstab #在第3行后面追加 new line
#
# /etc/fstab
new line
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '3a \new line\nanother new line' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
new line
another new line
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^UUID/a \#Hello UUID' /etc/fstab #为多行添加注释信息。
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
#Hello UUID
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
i \text:在行前面插入文本“text”,支持使用\n实现多行插入;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '3i \new line' /etc/fstab #在第3行前面追加文件new line
#
new line
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
c \text:把匹配到的行替换为此处指定的文本“text”; change替换
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^UUID/c \#Hello UUID' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
#Hello UUID
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE:保存模式空间匹配到的行至指定的文件中;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^[^#]/w /tmp/fstab.new' /etc/fstab #匹配非#开头的行至/tmp/fstab.new文件中
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/fstab.new
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
r /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE:读取指定文件的内容至当前文件被模式匹配到的行后面;文件合并;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '3r /etc/issue' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
=:为模式匹配到的行打印行号;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^UUID/=' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
10
UUID=4c44aac5-946a-4c31-9dc6-bfdd837ae42f /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
!:条件取反;
格式:地址定界!编辑命令;
[root@localhost ~]# sed '/^#/!d' /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Fri Nov 30 07:38:26 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
s///:查找替换,其分隔符可自行指定,常用的有s@@@, s###等;
替换标记:
g:全局替换;
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE:将替换成功的结果保存至指定文件中;
p:显示替换成功的行;
练习1:删除/boot/grub/grub2.cfg文件中所有以空白字符开头的行的行首的所有空白字符;
~]# sed 's@^[[:space:]]\+@@' /etc/grub2.cfg
练习2:删除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#开头的行的行首的#号及#后面的所有空白字符;
~]# sed 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' /etc/fstab
练习3:输出一个绝对路径给sed命令,取出其目录,其行为类似于dirname;
~]# echo "/var/log/messages/" | sed 's@[^/]\+/\?$@@'
~]# echo "/var/log/messages" | sed -r 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
高级编辑命令:
h:把模式空间中的内容覆盖至保持空间中;
H:把模式空间中的内容追加至保持空间中;
g:把保持空间中的内容覆盖至模式空间中;
G:把保持空间中的内容追加至模式空间中;
x:把模式空间中的内容与保持空间中的内容互换;
n:覆盖读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中;
N:追加读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中;
d:删除模式空间中的行;
D:删除多行模式空间中的所有行;
示例:
sed -n 'n;p' FILE:显示偶数行;
sed '1!G;h;$!d' FILE:逆序显示文件的内容;
sed ’$!d' FILE:取出最后一行;
sed '$!N;$!D' FILE:取出文件后两行;
sed '/^$/d;G' FILE:删除原有的所有空白行,而后为所有的非空白行后添加一个空白行;
sed 'n;d' FILE:显示奇数行;
sed 'G' FILE:在原有的每行后方添加一个空白行;
6、 用bash实现统计访问日志文件中状态码大于等于400的IP数量并排序
7、 使用自制的yum源安装ftp、openssh、curl、wget、tcpdump等软件包
tmp目录下,新建目录myrepo/Packages。
从光盘中复制相应的rpm包到Pacakges目录。
createrepo [options]
-u --baseurl
Optional base URL location for all files.
执行命令createrepo -u /tmp/myrepo/Packages /tmp/myrepo
[root@localhost tmp]# createrepo -u /tmp/myrepo /tmp/myrepo
编辑文件/etc/yum.repos.d/myrepo.repo,添加如下内容:
[root@localhost tmp]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/myrepo.repo
[myrepo]
name=my repo
baseurl=file:///tmp/myrepo
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[root@localhost tmp]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
file:///media/iso/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] curl#37 - "Couldn't open file /media/iso/repodata/repomd.xml"
Trying other mirror.
file:///media/iso/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] curl#37 - "Couldn't open file /media/iso/repodata/repomd.xml"
Trying other mirror.
myrepo | 3.1 kB 00:00:00
myrepo/primary_db | 17 kB 00:00:00
repo id repo name status
myrepo my repo 22
repolist: 22
[root@localhost myrepo]# yum -y install ftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package ftp.x86_64 0:0.17-67.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===============================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===============================================================================================
Installing:
ftp x86_64 0.17-67.el7 myrepo 61 k
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 61 k
Installed size: 96 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : ftp-0.17-67.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : ftp-0.17-67.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
ftp.x86_64 0:0.17-67.el7
Complete!