Reading
TPO4
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
【单词】
marshy：adj. 沼泽的
understory：n. 林下叶层
meadow['mɛdo]：n. 草地
browse：v. 浏览，吃草，随意翻阅
huckleberry：n. 越橘类
fair-weather：adj. 只适用于好天气的，不可患难的
harsh：adj. 严厉的
dormancy：n. 休眠，冬眠
compensation：n. 补偿，修正，补救方法
hibernate：v. 冬眠
built-in：adj. 内置的，固有的
elevation：n. 高处，高地，高度，海拔
bushy：adj. 浓密的，茂密的
cedar：n. 西洋杉
hemlock：n. 铁杉
red alder：n. 赤杨
arboreal：adj. 树上的，树木的
fodder：n. 草料，饲料
markedly：adv. 引人注意的，明显的
bemoan：v. 惋惜
succulent[ˈsʌkjulənt]：adj. 多汁的，津津有味的
game：n. 猎物；v. 打猎
elk：n. 麋鹿
consume：v. 消耗，消费，吃光，喝光
expedition：n. 远征
Fort Vancouver：温哥华堡
headquarters：n. 总部，指挥部，司令部
botanical：adj. 植物学的
disturbing：adj. 令人不安的
picturesquely：adv. 绘画般地
bode：v. 预示
plight：n. 境况
encroach：v. 侵犯，侵占，蚕食，侵蚀
biotic：adj. 生物的，有关生命的
yield：v. 屈服，投降，生产，获利；n. 产量，产额
indefinite：adj. 不明确的，无限期的
review：v. 评论，复习
rebound：n. 弹回，反弹
predator：n. 捕食者，食肉动物
cougar：n. 美洲狮
lynx：n. 猞猁
restoration：n. 恢复，复位
tract：n. 大片土地，（神经）束
deforest：v. 砍伐森林
protein：n. 蛋白质
【短语】
- almost in the same breath：与此同时……
【长难句】
- The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.
- A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
- Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."
- Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.
- In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
【段落大意与逻辑联系】
- 第一段：介绍了两种目前皮吉特湾常见的鹿类，并简单介绍栖息地与现状。
- 第二段：鹿的生活习性，在气候环境恶劣的植被休眠期，有理论认为它们会迁徙到有高灌木的低地。
- 第三段：鹿的数量在不断的波动变化。game，fort
- 第四段：波动变化的影响因素和影响对比。在殖民者不断的侵蚀改造下，鹿的数量势必不断减少，然而相对于白尾鹿变成保护动物的局面，黑尾鹿却因受到这种影响而不断增加。
- 第五段：阐述黑尾鹿数量增加的可能原因，共三个，天敌的减少，政策的保护，最重要的是森林更多的变成平原，作为草料的植物生长的更好。
【错题】
5.The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.
B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.
C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.
D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.
你的答案：B 正确答案：A
【原文参考】
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.（中心句） The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.
【解析】
功能目的题，往前看，这两个人明显是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句说他们知道原本有很多鹿的但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，对应A选项的varied，所以A正确。BCD都没有提及。
9.Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.
B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.
C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.
你的答案：A 正确答案：B
【原文参考】
A项对应
since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.
B项对应
Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.
【解析】
B 问整个第四段，看首句，而且首句说reduction in numbers，与问题中的deer population重合，说鹿数量的下降预示它们的生存变得艰难，但看选项发现没有与之重合的选项，于是可以继续往下看，下面就说到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同时也有的鹿群繁盛了，众多答案中只有B说到鹿的数量增加，所以答案是B。当然也可以排除法，A选项关于1940s原文说early 1940s，跟答案说的1940s不一样，错；C说黑尾鹿没有了，刚好和原文黑尾鹿数量增加相反，错；原文没有冬夏对比，D错。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.
A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.
B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.
C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.
D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.
E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.
F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.
你的答案：BEF 正确答案：BCE
【解析】
The balance选项前半句是对的，但后半句与第一段的最后两句说反，应该是黑多，错。
Deer populations选项对应原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正确。
in the long term选项对应原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正确。
because选项太细节，不选。
although选项对应原文第四段首句和第五句，正确。
wildlife选项原文没有提及，错。
Cave Art in Europe
【单词】
trace：n. 痕迹
bead：n. 珠子
Paleolithic[ˌpeɪliəˈlɪθɪk]：adj. 旧石器时代的
crude：adj. 粗略的，粗糙的
marked：adj. 明显的，显著的
slab：n. 厚板，平板，厚片
excavate：v. 挖掘， 发掘
backdrop：n. 背景
trappings：n. 装饰，外部标志
chip：n. 碎片，缺口
herd：n. 兽群
symbolic：adj. 象征性的
explicitly：adv. 明确地，明白地
tusk：n. 长牙，尖形物
mammoth：n. 猛犸象
bovine：n. 牛，牛科动物
reindeer：n. 驯鹿
confine：v. 限制
shaft：n. 杆状物
engraving：n. 版画，雕刻作品
notation：n. 记号，标记法
figurine：n. 小雕像，小塑像
fertility：n. 多产，繁殖力
【词组】
- In addition, ...：除此之外……
- be consistent with the idea that ...：与……的观念相一致
【长难句】
- The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
- This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.
- The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.
- Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people.
- Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.
- In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites.
【段落大意与逻辑联系】
- 第一段：洞穴作画的起源时间可以追溯到很早很早，不仅在欧洲，包括非洲，洞穴的作画都有类似相同的发掘时间，并且在澳洲可能更早。
- 第二段：洞穴作画的三个主要位置。
- 第三段：洞穴作画的主题绝大多是动物，以及对于该主题是动物这一特征的三种解释。【一般】
- 第四段：在法国西南部的洞穴作画中，得出作画大多为作画者更加喜爱或者畏惧的大型危险动物，因此艺术与捕猎在经济中的重要性也息息相关。【特殊】
- 第五段：旧石器时期晚期的其他艺术形式。
【错题】
1.The word “marked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. considerable
B. surprising
C. limited
D. adequate
你的答案：B 正确答案：A
【原文参考】
We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill.
【解析】
mark: 标记，marked: 明显的，显著的。对应原文所在句的上半句讲我们认为artistic efforts是比较粗劣的，后面来了个转折，说他们应该有怎么样的技巧，considerable相当大（或多）的； 该注意的，应考虑的。limited感情色彩反了，surprise意思太夸张，而且surprise也不一定是好，adequate意思过了。
8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing”?
A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce
B. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting
C. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period
D. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period
你的答案：C 正确答案：B
【原文参考】
Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing .
【解释】
功能目的题，例子所在的那句说当猎物变少的时候，这样的岩画达到了高峰，往前看，之前一句说人们之所以画这样的画是因为想得到更多的猎物，所以这句话就是证明画画是想要更多的猎物，答案B正确。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.
A.Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.
B.The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.
C.Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.
D.The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.
E.Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.
F.Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.
你的答案：ABF 正确答案：AEF
【解析】
文章标题暗示有几种展开方向：艺术的特点（现象描述）／艺术的发展（历史叙述）／为什么画这些艺术（现象解释）
首段说旧石器时代艺术水平高，年代久，算是背景介绍
二段进入主题，说艺术发现的3个位置。
三段说一个特点，主要画动物，给出解释，各有褒贬。
四段说两个人的观点，给出正面支持。
五段从主题引申，扯到其他艺术。
引出句概括首段内容，正确答案应概括以后各段大意。
A（researchers have proposed）选项对应整个第三段，提出了三个主要画动物的解释，正确。
B（the art）选项文章没有说，不选。
C（some researchers believe）选项文章没有说，不选。
D（the cave）选项原文没说，不选。
E（some researchers have）选项对应原文第四段，正确。
F（besides）选项对应第五段，正确.
Petroleum Resources
【单词】
decompose：v. 分解
convert：v. 转变
subject：v. 提供，提出，使……隶属
droplet：n. 小滴，小水珠
derrick：n. 起重机，（油井的）井架
permanent：adj. 永久的，不变的，稳定的，常设的
portable：adj. 手提的，便携的
dismantle：v. 拆除
spout：n. 喷口，水柱，龙卷
gusher：n. 喷油井
refinery：n. 精炼厂，提炼厂，冶炼厂
kerosene：n. 煤油
petrochemical：n. 石油化学产品
dye：n. 染料
fertilizer：n. 肥料，化肥
hostile：adj. 敌对的，不利的
offshore：adj. 离岸的
continental shelf：n. 大陆架
spillage：n. 溢出
collision：n. 碰撞
oil slicks：浮油
drift：v. 漂泊，流动
foul：v. 弄脏，纠缠，阻塞
subside：v. 减弱，平息，坐下，沉下去
adverse：adj. 不利的，有害的
halt：v. 阻止，使停止
【长难句】
- When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.
- Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.
- Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea.
【段落大意与逻辑关系】
- 第一段：石油的构成与海底有机物的形成。
- 第二段：石油最终形成，海底沉积物进一步生成油和气。【前两段都是形成】
- 第三段：石油的提取和提炼产物。
- 第四段：石油发掘地的扩展（由于资源愈发稀缺）。
- 第五段：石油发掘过程中的问题。
- 第六段：石油工业带来的各种环境问题：石油泄漏污染；油田处地面下沉，石油精炼和燃烧的空气污染等。
【错题】
1.The word “accumulate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. grow up
B. build up
C. spread out
D. break apart
你的答案：A 正确答案：B
【原文参考】
Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.
【解析】
B accumulate: 沉积，聚集，累积之意。A是成长；B是增进，积累；C是展开，铺开；D是使…分裂。所以B的build up正确。
6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
B. They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
C. They waste more oil than they collect.
D. They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
你的答案：A 正确答案：D
【原文参考】
Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.
【解析】
以gusher做关键词定位至本段倒数第五句：Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. 说gusher在过去是非常普遍的，意思就是现在不普遍了，而且前半句还说仔细控制了，仔细控制的结果就是不再发生了，也能选出D答案。
8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?
A. More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.
B. Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.
C. The global demand for oil has increased over the years.
D. The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.
你的答案：C 正确答案：B
【原文参考】
The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries.
10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT
A. permission to access the area where oil has been found
B. the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool
C. the location of the market in relation to the drilling site
D. the political situation in the region where drilling would occur
你的答案：C 正确答案：D
【原文参考】
Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.
11.The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reach
B. flood
C. pollute
D. alter
你的答案：A 正确答案：C
【原文参考】
Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment.
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface..
你的答案：C 正确答案：D
【原文参考】
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. [■]As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. [■]Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. [■]Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. [■]
【解析】
D 四个过渡点，名词surface，代词this migration，代词these natural resources和连词unless，代词these natural resources是不能用的，因为被反复提到的oil and gas干扰；D的move和D的rise都可以对应this migration，而只有rise才能对的上surface，所以选D不选B。