PostgreSQL新手教程

ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo apt-get install postgresql-client
[sudo] password for ubuntuq: 
Sorry, try again.
[sudo] password for ubuntuq: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  fcitx-frontend-gtk2:i386 fcitx-frontend-gtk3:i386 fcitx-frontend-qt4:i386
  fcitx-libs:i386 fcitx-libs-gclient:i386 fcitx-libs-qt:i386 gcc-4.8-base:i386
  kde-l10n-engb kde-l10n-zhcn libasound2:i386 libatk-bridge2.0-0:i386
  libatk1.0-0:i386 libatspi2.0-0:i386 libaudio2:i386 libavahi-client3:i386
  libavahi-common-data:i386 libavahi-common3:i386 libcairo-gobject2:i386
  libcairo2:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-0:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-module:i386
  libcanberra0:i386 libcolord1:i386 libcups2:i386 libdatrie1:i386
  libexpat1:i386 libffi6:i386 libfontconfig1:i386 libfreetype6:i386
  libgcrypt11:i386 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0:i386 libglib2.0-0:i386 libgnutls26:i386
  libgpg-error0:i386 libgraphite2-3:i386 libgssapi-krb5-2:i386 libgtk-3-0:i386
  libgtk2.0-0:i386 libharfbuzz0b:i386 libice6:i386 libidn11:i386
  libjasper1:i386 libjbig0:i386 libjpeg-turbo8:i386 libjpeg8:i386
  libk5crypto3:i386 libkeyutils1:i386 libkrb5-3:i386 libkrb5support0:i386
  liblcms2-2:i386 libltdl7:i386 libmysqlclient18:i386 libnotify4:i386
  libogg0:i386 libopencc1:i386 libp11-kit0:i386 libpango-1.0-0:i386
  libpangocairo-1.0-0:i386 libpangoft2-1.0-0:i386 libpixman-1-0:i386
  libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-declarative:i386 libqt4-network:i386
  libqt4-script:i386 libqt4-sql:i386 libqt4-sql-mysql:i386 libqt4-xml:i386
  libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtdbus4:i386 libqtgui4:i386
  libsm6:i386 libstdc++6:i386 libtasn1-6:i386 libtdb1:i386 libthai0:i386
  libtiff5:i386 libvorbis0a:i386 libvorbisfile3:i386 libwayland-client0:i386
  libwayland-cursor0:i386 libx11-6:i386 libxau6:i386 libxcb-render0:i386
  libxcb-shm0:i386 libxcb1:i386 libxcomposite1:i386 libxcursor1:i386
  libxdamage1:i386 libxdmcp6:i386 libxext6:i386 libxfixes3:i386 libxi6:i386
  libxinerama1:i386 libxkbcommon0:i386 libxrandr2:i386 libxrender1:i386
  libxt6:i386 notification-daemon:i386
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  postgresql-client
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 240 not upgraded.
Need to get 5,052 B of archives.
After this operation, 72.7 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates/main postgresql-client all 9.3+154ubuntu1 [5,052 B]
Fetched 5,052 B in 0s (74.0 kB/s)      
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-client.
(Reading database ... 215144 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-client_9.3+154ubuntu1_all.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-client (9.3+154ubuntu1) ...
Setting up postgresql-client (9.3+154ubuntu1) ...
ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo apt-get install postgresql
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
postgresql is already the newest version.
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  fcitx-frontend-gtk2:i386 fcitx-frontend-gtk3:i386 fcitx-frontend-qt4:i386
  fcitx-libs:i386 fcitx-libs-gclient:i386 fcitx-libs-qt:i386 gcc-4.8-base:i386
  kde-l10n-engb kde-l10n-zhcn libasound2:i386 libatk-bridge2.0-0:i386
  libatk1.0-0:i386 libatspi2.0-0:i386 libaudio2:i386 libavahi-client3:i386
  libavahi-common-data:i386 libavahi-common3:i386 libcairo-gobject2:i386
  libcairo2:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-0:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-module:i386
  libcanberra0:i386 libcolord1:i386 libcups2:i386 libdatrie1:i386
  libexpat1:i386 libffi6:i386 libfontconfig1:i386 libfreetype6:i386
  libgcrypt11:i386 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0:i386 libglib2.0-0:i386 libgnutls26:i386
  libgpg-error0:i386 libgraphite2-3:i386 libgssapi-krb5-2:i386 libgtk-3-0:i386
  libgtk2.0-0:i386 libharfbuzz0b:i386 libice6:i386 libidn11:i386
  libjasper1:i386 libjbig0:i386 libjpeg-turbo8:i386 libjpeg8:i386
  libk5crypto3:i386 libkeyutils1:i386 libkrb5-3:i386 libkrb5support0:i386
  liblcms2-2:i386 libltdl7:i386 libmysqlclient18:i386 libnotify4:i386
  libogg0:i386 libopencc1:i386 libp11-kit0:i386 libpango-1.0-0:i386
  libpangocairo-1.0-0:i386 libpangoft2-1.0-0:i386 libpixman-1-0:i386
  libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-declarative:i386 libqt4-network:i386
  libqt4-script:i386 libqt4-sql:i386 libqt4-sql-mysql:i386 libqt4-xml:i386
  libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtdbus4:i386 libqtgui4:i386
  libsm6:i386 libstdc++6:i386 libtasn1-6:i386 libtdb1:i386 libthai0:i386
  libtiff5:i386 libvorbis0a:i386 libvorbisfile3:i386 libwayland-client0:i386
  libwayland-cursor0:i386 libx11-6:i386 libxau6:i386 libxcb-render0:i386
  libxcb-shm0:i386 libxcb1:i386 libxcomposite1:i386 libxcursor1:i386
  libxdamage1:i386 libxdmcp6:i386 libxext6:i386 libxfixes3:i386 libxi6:i386
  libxinerama1:i386 libxkbcommon0:i386 libxrandr2:i386 libxrender1:i386
  libxt6:i386 notification-daemon:i386
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 240 not upgraded.
ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo apt-get install pgadmin3
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  fcitx-frontend-gtk2:i386 fcitx-frontend-gtk3:i386 fcitx-frontend-qt4:i386
  fcitx-libs:i386 fcitx-libs-gclient:i386 fcitx-libs-qt:i386 gcc-4.8-base:i386
  kde-l10n-engb kde-l10n-zhcn libasound2:i386 libatk-bridge2.0-0:i386
  libatk1.0-0:i386 libatspi2.0-0:i386 libaudio2:i386 libavahi-client3:i386
  libavahi-common-data:i386 libavahi-common3:i386 libcairo-gobject2:i386
  libcairo2:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-0:i386 libcanberra-gtk3-module:i386
  libcanberra0:i386 libcolord1:i386 libcups2:i386 libdatrie1:i386
  libexpat1:i386 libffi6:i386 libfontconfig1:i386 libfreetype6:i386
  libgcrypt11:i386 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0:i386 libglib2.0-0:i386 libgnutls26:i386
  libgpg-error0:i386 libgraphite2-3:i386 libgssapi-krb5-2:i386 libgtk-3-0:i386
  libgtk2.0-0:i386 libharfbuzz0b:i386 libice6:i386 libidn11:i386
  libjasper1:i386 libjbig0:i386 libjpeg-turbo8:i386 libjpeg8:i386
  libk5crypto3:i386 libkeyutils1:i386 libkrb5-3:i386 libkrb5support0:i386
  liblcms2-2:i386 libltdl7:i386 libmysqlclient18:i386 libnotify4:i386
  libogg0:i386 libopencc1:i386 libp11-kit0:i386 libpango-1.0-0:i386
  libpangocairo-1.0-0:i386 libpangoft2-1.0-0:i386 libpixman-1-0:i386
  libqt4-dbus:i386 libqt4-declarative:i386 libqt4-network:i386
  libqt4-script:i386 libqt4-sql:i386 libqt4-sql-mysql:i386 libqt4-xml:i386
  libqt4-xmlpatterns:i386 libqtcore4:i386 libqtdbus4:i386 libqtgui4:i386
  libsm6:i386 libstdc++6:i386 libtasn1-6:i386 libtdb1:i386 libthai0:i386
  libtiff5:i386 libvorbis0a:i386 libvorbisfile3:i386 libwayland-client0:i386
  libwayland-cursor0:i386 libx11-6:i386 libxau6:i386 libxcb-render0:i386
  libxcb-shm0:i386 libxcb1:i386 libxcomposite1:i386 libxcursor1:i386
  libxdamage1:i386 libxdmcp6:i386 libxext6:i386 libxfixes3:i386 libxi6:i386
  libxinerama1:i386 libxkbcommon0:i386 libxrandr2:i386 libxrender1:i386
  libxt6:i386 notification-daemon:i386
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
  libwxbase2.8-0 libwxgtk2.8-0 pgadmin3-data pgagent
Suggested packages:
  postgresql-contrib
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libwxbase2.8-0 libwxgtk2.8-0 pgadmin3 pgadmin3-data pgagent
0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 240 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,798 kB of archives.
After this operation, 30.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe libwxbase2.8-0 amd64 2.8.12.1+dfsg-2ubuntu2 [460 kB]
Get:2 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe libwxgtk2.8-0 amd64 2.8.12.1+dfsg-2ubuntu2 [2,371 kB]
Get:3 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe pgadmin3-data all 1.18.1-2 [1,823 kB]
Get:4 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe pgadmin3 amd64 1.18.1-2 [2,104 kB]
Get:5 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/universe pgagent amd64 3.3.0-1 [39.8 kB]
Fetched 6,798 kB in 8s (821 kB/s)                                              
Selecting previously unselected package libwxbase2.8-0:amd64.
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Setting up libwxgtk2.8-0:amd64 (2.8.12.1+dfsg-2ubuntu2) ...
Setting up pgadmin3-data (1.18.1-2) ...
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Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.7) ...
ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo adduser geeklee
Adding user `geeklee' ...
Adding new group `geeklee' (1002) ...
Adding new user `geeklee' (1002) with group `geeklee' ...
Creating home directory `/home/geeklee' ...
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
Enter new UNIX password: 
Retype new UNIX password: 
passwd: password updated successfully
Changing the user information for geeklee
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
    Full Name []: 
    Room Number []: 
    Work Phone []: 
    Home Phone []: 
    Other []: 
Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo su-postgres
sudo: su-postgres: command not found
ubuntuq@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ sudo su - postgres
postgres@ubuntuq-HP-Compaq-6910p-RH241AV:~$ psql
psql (9.3.11)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \password postgres
Enter new password: 
Enter it again: 
postgres=# CREATE USER dbuser WITH PASSWORD 'password'
postgres-# CREATE USER geeklee WITH PASSWORD 'password'
postgres-# CREATE DATABASE exampledb OWNER geeklee
postgres-# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE exampledb to geeklee
postgres-# \q

安装

1

首先，安装PostgreSQL客户端。

    sudo apt-get install postgresql-client

然后，安装PostgreSQL服务器。

    sudo apt-get install postgresql

2

正常情况下，安装完成后，PostgreSQL服务器会自动在本机的5432端口开启。

如果还想安装图形管理界面，可以运行下面命令，但是本文不涉及这方面内容。

    sudo apt-get install pgadmin3

添加新用户和新数据库

初次安装后，默认生成一个名为postgres的数据库和一个名为postgres的数据库用户。这里需要注意的是，同时还生成了一个名为postgres的Linux系统用户。

下面，我们使用postgres用户，来生成其他用户和新数据库。好几种方法可以达到这个目的，这里介绍两种。

第一种方法，使用PostgreSQL控制台。

首先，新建一个Linux新用户，可以取你想要的名字，这里为dbuser。

sudo adduser dbuser  #geeklee 

然后，切换到postgres用户。

sudo su - postgres

下一步，使用psql命令登录PostgreSQL控制台。

psql

这时相当于系统用户postgres以同名数据库用户的身份，登录数据库，这是不用输入密码的。如果一切正常，系统提示符会变为”postgres=#”，表示这时已经进入了数据库控制台。以下的命令都在控制台内完成。

第一件事是使用\password命令，为postgres用户设置一个密码。

\password postgres

第二件事是创建数据库用户dbuser（刚才创建的是Linux系统用户），并设置密码。

CREATE USER geeklee WITH PASSWORD 'password';

第三件事是创建用户数据库，这里为exampledb，并指定所有者为dbuser。

CREATE DATABASE exampledb OWNER geeklee

第四件事是将exampledb数据库的所有权限都赋予dbuser，否则dbuser只能登录控制台，没有任何数据库操作权限。

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE exampledb to geeklee

最后，使用\q命令退出控制台（也可以直接按ctrl+D）。

\q

登录数据库

添加新用户和新数据库以后，就要以新用户的名义登录数据库，这时使用的是psql命令。

psql -U dbuser -d exampledb -h 127.0.0.1 -p 5432

上面命令的参数含义如下：-U指定用户，-d指定数据库，-h指定服务器，-p指定端口。

输入上面命令以后，系统会提示输入dbuser用户的密码。输入正确，就可以登录控制台了。

psql命令存在简写形式。如果当前Linux系统用户，同时也是PostgreSQL用户，则可以省略用户名（-U参数的部分）。举例来说，我的 Linux系统用户名为ruanyf，且PostgreSQL数据库存在同名用户，则我以ruanyf身份登录Linux系统后，可以直接使用下面的命令 登录数据库，且不需要密码。

psql exampledb

此时，如果PostgreSQL内部还存在与当前系统用户同名的数据库，则连数据库名都可以省略。比如，假定存在一个叫做ruanyf的数据库，则直接键入psql就可以登录该数据库。

psql

另外，如果要恢复外部数据，可以使用下面的命令。

psql exampledb < exampledb.sql