PyQt5 教程 《俄罗斯方块游戏》
PyQt5中的俄罗斯方块
在本章中，我们将创建一个俄罗斯方块游戏克隆。
俄罗斯方块
俄罗斯方块游戏是有史以来最受欢迎的电脑游戏之一。最初的游戏是由俄罗斯程序员Alexey Pajitnov在1985年设计和编程的。从那以后，俄罗斯方块几乎可以在各种计算机平台上使用。
俄罗斯方块被称为落块益智游戏。在这个游戏中，我们有七种不同的形状，称为四角形：S形，Z形，T形，L形，线形，镜面L形和方形。这些形状中的每一个都形成有四个正方形。形状从板上掉下来。俄罗斯方块游戏的目的是移动和旋转形状，使它们尽可能地适合。如果我们设法形成一行，那么行就会被破坏并且我们得分。我们玩俄罗斯方块游戏，直到我们完成。
图：Tetrominoes
PyQt5是一个旨在创建应用程序的工具包。还有其他图书馆旨在创建计算机游戏。不过，PyQt5和其他应用程序工具包可用于创建简单的游戏。
创建计算机游戏是提高编程技能的好方法。
发展
我们没有Tetris游戏的图像，我们使用PyQt5编程工具包中提供的绘图API绘制了四联骨牌。每一台电脑游戏背后都有一个数学模型。所以它在俄罗斯方块中。
游戏背后的一些想法：
- 我们使用a
QtCore.QBasicTimer()创建一个游戏周期。 - 绘制了四联体。
- 形状在逐个平方的基础上移动（不是逐个像素）。
- 数学上，电路板是一个简单的数字列表。
该代码由四类：Tetris，Board，Tetrominoe 和Shape。该Tetris课程设置了游戏。这Board是游戏逻辑的编写地。本Tetrominoe类包含名称为所有的俄罗斯方块片和Shape类包含一个俄罗斯方块一块代码。
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
import sys, random
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
'''initiates application UI'''
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
'''centers the window on the screen'''
screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2,
(screen.height()-size.height())/2)
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
'''initiates board'''
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
'''sets a shape at the board'''
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
def squareWidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
'''returns the height of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
'''starts game'''
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
'''processes key press events'''
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def timerEvent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
def clearBoard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
'''drops down a shape'''
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
'''goes one line down with a shape'''
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
'''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
def removeFullLines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
def newPiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
'''tries to move a shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
'''draws a square of a shape'''
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
'''returns shape'''
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
'''sets a shape'''
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
'''chooses a random shape'''
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
'''returns x coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
'''returns y coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
'''sets x coordinate'''
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
'''sets y coordinate'''
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
'''returns min x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
'''returns max x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
'''returns min y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
'''returns max y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateLeft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
'''rotates shape to the right'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())游戏简化了一点，以便更容易理解。游戏启动后立即启动。我们可以通过按键暂停游戏p。该Space密钥将立即下降Tetris的一块底部。游戏以恒定速度进行，没有实现加速。分数是我们删除的行数。
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)Board创建类 的实例并将其设置为应用程序的中央窗口小部件。
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)我们创建一个状态栏，我们将在其中显示消息。我们将显示三条可能的消息：已删除的行数，暂停的消息或游戏消息。这 msg2Statusbar是在Board类中实现的自定义信号。这showMessage()是一种在状态栏上显示消息的内置方法。
self.tboard.start（）这条线开始游戏。
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
... 使用创建自定义信号pyqtSignal。的msg2Statusbar是，当我们想要写一个消息或得分的状态条，发出的信号。
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300这些是Board's类变量。的BoardWidth和 BoardHeight在块定义电路板的尺寸。在 Speed定义了游戏的速度。每个300毫秒新的游戏周期将开始。
...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...在该initBoard()方法中，我们初始化一些重要的变量。 的self.board变量是从0到7。它代表各种形状的位置，并保持在板形状的号码的列表。
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]该shapeAt()方法确定给定块的形状类型。
def squareWidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth电路板可以动态调整大小。结果，块的大小可能会改变。在squareWidth()计算单个正方形的以像素为单位的宽度，并返回它。的Board.BoardWidth 是板的块的大小。
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()该pause()方法暂停游戏。它会停止计时器并在状态栏上显示一条消息。
def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
... 这幅画发生在这个paintEvent()方法中。该QPainter 负责PyQt5所有低级别的画。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)游戏的绘画分为两个步骤。在第一步中，我们绘制掉落到板底部的所有形状或形状的剩余部分。self.board列表变量中记住所有方块。使用该shapeAt()方法访问该变量。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())下一步是绘制掉落的实际作品。
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)在keyPressEvent()方法中，我们检查按下的键。如果我们按右箭头键，我们会尝试向右移动。我们说尝试因为这件作品可能无法移动。
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)该Up箭头键将旋转落下一块到左边。
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()该Space密钥将立即下降下降件的底部。
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()按下d键，该块将向下移动一个块。它可以用来加速一点点的掉落。
def timerEvent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)在计时器事件中，我们要么在前一个被放到底部之后创建一个新片段，要么我们将一个下降片段向下移动一行。
def clearBoard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)该clearBoard()方法通过设置电路板的Tetrominoe.NoShape每个块来清除电路 板。
def removeFullLines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...如果作品击中底部，我们称之为removeFullLines()方法。我们找出所有完整的行并删除它们。我们通过将当前实线上方的所有线移动一行来移除它。请注意，我们颠倒了要删除的行的顺序。否则，它将无法正常工作。在我们的例子中，我们使用天真的引力。这意味着这些碎片可能漂浮在空隙之上。
def newPiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")该newPiece()方法随机创建一个新的俄罗斯方块。如果这件作品无法进入其初始位置，则游戏结束。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
'''tries to move a shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True在tryMove()方法中，我们尝试移动我们的形状。如果形状位于板的边缘或与其他部件相邻，我们返回False。否则，我们将当前落下的部件放置到新位置。
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7本Tetrominoe类包含所有可能的形状的名称。我们还有NoShape一个空的空间。
该Shape课程保存有关俄罗斯方块的信息。
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
... 该coordsTable元组认为我们的俄罗斯方块片的所有可能的坐标值。这是一个模板，所有部分都使用它们的坐标值。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range（4）]创建后，我们创建一个空坐标列表。该列表将保存俄罗斯方块的坐标。
图：坐标
上面的图像将有助于更多地理解坐标值。例如，元组（0，-1），（0,0），（ - 1,0），（ - 1，-1）表示Z形。该图说明了形状。
def rotateLeft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result该rotateLeft()方法向左旋转一块。广场不必旋转。这就是为什么我们只是返回对当前对象的引用。创建一个新片段，并将其坐标设置为旋转片段的坐标。
图：俄罗斯方块