Ubuntu 搭建以太坊私有链多节点环境

前言

以太坊是一个开源的公有区块链平台，支持图灵完备的智能合约Solidity，能够开发去中心化的DApps。但是直接在公网上做开发会非常昂贵，因为每一笔交易都要支付gas，在测试链上做开发显然是更好的选择。本篇将讲述如何在局域网环境下，在多台机器搭建以太坊测试链。

准备环境

• Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS
• 3G 内存
• geth
• 多台电脑在同一个局域网，互相能ping通

创建并初始化创世区块

genesis.json

{
  "config": {
        "chainId": 14,
        "homesteadBlock": 0,
        "eip155Block": 0,
        "eip158Block": 0
    },
  "alloc"      : {},
  "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty" : "0x05000",
  "extraData"  : "",
  "gasLimit"   : "0x2fefd8",
  "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp"  : "0x00"
}

• gasLimit要修改大点，不然部署智能合约的时候，合约需要消耗的gas超过limit会发生失败
• chainId是EIP155里定义的发送交易到哪种链的方式，（EIP是以太坊改进建议）。这里设置为14，truffle.js里的network_id也得是14，不然交易的时候会报invalid sender的错误。

CHAIN_ID	Chain(s)
1	Ethereum mainnet
2	Morden (disused), Expanse mainnet
3	Ropsten
4	Rinkeby
30	Rootstock mainnet
31	Rootstock testnet
42	Kovan
61	Ethereum Classic mainnet
62	Ethereum Classic testnet
1337	Geth private chains (default)

vadmin@ubuntu:~/fileData$ geth --datadir data0 init genesis.json
WARN [07-09|19:50:27.769688] Sanitizing cache to Go's GC limits       provided=1024 updated=982
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.782066] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.790579] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.802341] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.802486] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=5.677µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.803067] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                                  hash=06701b…b7b009
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.803132] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.812823] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.812924] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time=3.565µs gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [07-09|19:50:27.814915] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                                  hash=06701b…b7b009

启动第一个节点node0

vadmin@ubuntu:~/fileData$ geth --networkid 14 --nodiscover --datadir data0 --rpc --rpcapi net,eth,web3,personal --rpcaddr 192.168.23.193 console
WARN [07-09|19:53:00.921526] Sanitizing cache to Go's GC limits       provided=1024 updated=982
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.922131] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.922839] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.8.12-unstable-c95e4a80/linux-amd64/go1.10.1
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.922951] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth/chaindata cache=736 handles=512
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.940248] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 14 Homestead: 0 DAO:  DAOSupport: false EIP150:  EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium:  Constantinople:  Engine: unknown}"
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.940315] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.94033] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/home/vadmin/.ethash                    count=2
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.940361] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=14
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.941793] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=06701b…b7b009 td=20480
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.941858] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=06701b…b7b009 td=20480
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.941872] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=06701b…b7b009 td=20480
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.942016] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.94256] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.943098] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://8424ff6b41be1f6ee2a2e374ba88d12b30466b81f6d8684e9355e65b8a28b58ff0b9f7ec7684f5dc4b697a90f961e86db6dc75186eb283e3619c0fc4c4b7988d@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.948868] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth.ipc
INFO [07-09|19:53:00.949161] HTTP endpoint opened                     url=http://192.168.23.193:8545           cors= vhosts=localhost
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.8.12-unstable-c95e4a80/linux-amd64/go1.10.1
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

• 创建data0 作为key和geth存储目录
• 开放rpc api:net,eth,web3,personal
• 区块链数据存储目录 /home/vadmin/.ethash
• 远程通信的rpc地址 http://192.168.23.193:8545

创建账号，开始挖矿

personal.newAccount(“123”)
“0xd585211734b283f6f290d1e0662b4ecf1166d54d”
miner.start()

将前面创建的genesis.json拷贝到另一台虚拟机，启动第二个节点node1

vadmin@ubuntu:~/fileData$ geth --datadir data1 init genesis.json

geth --networkid 14  --nodiscover --datadir data1   --port 61911 --rpcapi net,eth,web3,personal --rpc  --rpcaddr 192.168.23.125  --rpcport 8101 console

在第二个节点创建账号

personal.newAccount(“123”)
“0x22d968f93a63fe35a85daf4ab3c880543150193e”

添加节点0

在节点0的控制台，查看0节点的enode

admin.nodeInfo.enode
“enode://8424ff6b41be1f6ee2a2e374ba88d12b30466b81f6d8684e9355e65b8a28b58ff0b9f7ec7684f5dc4b697a90f961e86db6dc75186eb283e3619c0fc4c4b7988d@[::]:30303?discport=0”

在节点1的控制台，添加节点0

admin.addPeer(“enode://8424ff6b41be1f6ee2a2e374ba88d12b30466b81f6d8684e9355e65b8a28b58ff0b9f7ec7684f5dc4b697a90f961e86db6dc75186eb283e3619c0fc4c4b7988d@192.168.23.193:30303”)

查看连接的节点

可以在节点00和01控制台中，查看连接的节点数量和连接的节点列表

net.peerCount
admin.peers

进行一次转账

baseAccount = eth.accounts[0]
personal.unlockAccount(baseAccount,“123”)

eth.sendTransaction({from : baseAccount, to : “0xee1d67b7bfd646e080e18d39c6049a1362177db0” , value : web3.toWei(1,“ether”)})
“0x6a9c25fbe3c16e4a8107c91ab3b1b982e07b3fca7e19749de450db1744ceef47”

另起一个终端连到当前节点

geth attach ipc:/home/vadmin/fileData/data0/geth.ipc