Python以太坊开发JSON-RPC请求对智能合约进行部署和交易

本文探讨了如何将JSON-RPC请求发送到Geth节点以创建原生的交易。目标是在使用高级库（如web3py或web3js）时了解并查看后台发生的情况。

另外，对处理错误和异常不是本文的重点。如果出现任何问题，它将只是显示失败。这篇文章主要是学习。对于生产环境，还是考虑使用web3.py。

我们将仅使用HTTP请求在私有链上使用智能合约部署和交互（调用函数和读取公共变量）。交易是离线签名的，然后才发送到geth节点进行处理。

对于本指南，我们使用的是私有的Proof-of-Authority网络。如果想创建这样一个网络，可以阅读我们以前的帖子。本文假设使用Ganache（以前称为TestRPC）或任何以太坊网络都完全没问题。因此，不会介绍有关在网络设置的任何内容，重点是使用python将HTTP请求发送到Geth节点。

条件

• 1.通过IPC或RPC访问以太坊网络（可能是公有，私有或像Ganache这样的模拟器）。
• 2.安装了python 3。 我个人喜欢Anaconda发行版。
• 3.安装最新版本的web3py。

1.向Geth发送一个简单的请求

让我们通过向Geth发送一个非常简单的请求来热个身。查询下网络ID。 第一步是阅读文档。 我们需要的方法称为net_version，在此处进行描述。

我的Geth节点URL和端口是：http://localhost:8501。如果你使用的是具有默认值的Ganache，则URL可能是http://localhost:7545。

我正在使用Requests python library来发出我的HTTP请求。

import requests
# create persistent HTTP connection
session = requests.Session()
# as defined in https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC#net_version
method = 'net_version'
params = []
payload= {"jsonrpc":"2.0",
           "method":method,
           "params":params,
           "id":1}
headers = {'Content-type': 'application/json'}
response = session.post('http://localhost:8501', json=payload, headers=headers)
print('raw json response: {}'.format(response.json()))
print('network id: {}'.format(response.json()['result']))

结果是：

raw json response: {'id': 1, 'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'result': '1515'}
network id: 1515

不错，从那里我们准备好与合约一起部署和交易，这建立了一个良好的基础。1515是我的私有区块链的网络ID，如创世文件中所定义。目前看起来都很棒。 使用Ganache，应该获得5777的网络ID。

但在能够签署和发送交易之前，我们需要一个地址，一个私钥和一些以太币。

2.创建公钥私钥对并获取一些以太币

web3py(release 4)库将帮助我们创建密钥对。

import web3
w3 = web3.Web3()
myAccount = w3.eth.account.create('put some extra entropy here')
myAddress = myAccount.address
myPrivateKey = myAccount.privateKey
print('my address is     : {}'.format(myAccount.address))
print('my private key is : {}'.format(myAccount.privateKey.hex()))

在这个示例中，我得到：

my address is    : 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675
my private key is: 0x94cb9f766ef067eb229da85213439cf4cbbcd0dc97ede9479be5ee4b7a93b96f

请永远不要分享你的私钥！我这样做是因为它是一个本地私有链，我每天都要销毁并重启几次。我没有在任何公共网络上使用这个密钥对。

现在为了获得这个地址，有多种方法：

1.一种非常简单的方法是在genesis.json文件中添加此地址并启动新网络。下面是之前我的创世纪文件，其中包括我们刚刚创建的地址（删除0x）。

{
    "config": {
        "chainId": 1515,
        "homesteadBlock": 1,
        "eip150Block": 2,
        "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
        "eip155Block": 3,
        "eip158Block": 3,
        "byzantiumBlock": 4,
        "clique": {
            "period": 5,
            "epoch": 30000
        }
    },
    "nonce": "0x0",
    "timestamp": "0x5a722c92",
    "extraData": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008a58f09194e403d02a1928a7bf78646cfc260b087366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
    "gasLimit": "0x8000000",
    "difficulty": "0x1",
    "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
    "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
    "alloc": {
        "08a58f09194e403d02a1928a7bf78646cfc260b0": {
            "balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
        },
        "87366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e6": {
            "balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
        },
        "F464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675": {
            "balance": "0x200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
        }
    },
    "number": "0x0",
    "gasUsed": "0x0",
    "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
}

2.如果你有可以挖矿的节点或ganache，请打开Geth Javascript控制台并手动创建交易：

$ geth attach ipc:'http://localhost:8501' // 7545 for ganache
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9
coinbase: 0x87366ef81db496edd0ea2055ca605e8686eec1e6
at block: 1585 (Wed, 14 Feb 2018 11:46:04 CET)
 modules: eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> eth.sendTransaction({'from':eth.coinbase, 'to':'0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675', 'value':1000000000000000000000})
"0xdbc86acbe3644ac2cdb68132bbeecda40733c10f07ca16d87a2e5001e50eec4c"
> exit

这里我从0x87366...发送1000以太币到我的地址0xF464A...，1个以太坊是10的18次方wei（1个后跟18个零）。值的单位是wei。

3.在公共测试链上，使用faucet。

3.使用智能合约部署和交易

太好了，既然我们有一个带有一些以太网的地址（为了支付gas费用），我们可以离线创建我们的交易，签名并将其发送到具有原生JSON-RPC的HTTP请求节点。

我们将使用send_rawTransaction方法，该方法将交易的签名作为输入参数。

python代码正在查询truffle在编译智能合约时创建的包含合约abi和字节码的json文件。在测试python代码之前，创建一个truffle工作区并编译虚拟合约AdditionContract.sol。

$ truffle init
// add the smart contract in contracts/
$ truffle compile

然后更新python代码，用geth节点的URL以及truffle工作空间和genesis文件的路径（不要忘记在路径中用你的userName替换我的userName）。

其他一切都在代码中，应该是不言自明的。

pragma solidity ^0.4.18;

contract AdditionContract {
  uint public state = 0;

  function add(uint value1, uint value2) public {
    state = value1 + value2;
  }

  function getState() public constant returns (uint) {
      return state;
  }
}

文末附完整代码。

我们让一切都变得简单易于修改和测试。 玩的开心 :)

python用web3.py库开发以太坊来说非常的方便，有兴趣的用户可以关注我们的python以太坊教程，主要是针对python工程师使用web3.py进行区块链以太坊开发的详解。

另外其他语言可以学习的以太坊教程如下：

• web3j教程，主要是针对java和android程序员进行区块链以太坊开发的web3j详解。
• 以太坊教程，主要介绍智能合约与dapp应用开发，适合入门。
• 以太坊开发，主要是介绍使用node.js、mongodb、区块链、ipfs实现去中心化电商DApp实战，适合进阶。
• php以太坊，主要是介绍使用php进行智能合约开发交互，进行账号创建、交易、转账、代币开发以及过滤器和事件等内容。
• C#以太坊，主要讲解如何使用C#开发基于.Net的以太坊应用，包括账户管理、状态与交易、智能合约开发与交互、过滤器和事件等。

汇智网原创翻译，转载请标明出处。这里是原文

raw_JSON_RPC_requests_to_smart_contract.py

# associated medium post: https://medium.com/@ethervolution/ethereum-create-raw-json-rpc-requests-with-python-for-deploying-and-transacting-with-a-smart-7ceafd6790d9
import requests
import json
import web3 # Release 4.0.0-beta.8
import pprint
import time

# create persistent HTTP connection
session = requests.Session()
w3 = web3.Web3()
pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)

requestId = 0 # is automatically incremented at each request

URL = 'http://localhost:8501' # url of my geth node
PATH_GENESIS = '/home/salanfe/privateNetworks/geth_PoA/genesis.json'
PATH_SC_TRUFFLE = '/home/salanfe/Projects/AdditionContract/' # smart contract path

# extracting data from the genesis file
genesisFile = json.load(open(PATH_GENESIS))
CHAINID = genesisFile['config']['chainId']
PERIOD  = genesisFile['config']['clique']['period']
GASLIMIT = int(genesisFile['gasLimit'],0)

# compile your smart contract with truffle first
truffleFile = json.load(open(PATH_SC_TRUFFLE + '/build/contracts/AdditionContract.json'))
abi = truffleFile['abi']
bytecode = truffleFile['bytecode']

# Don't share your private key !
myAddress = '0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675' # address funded in genesis file
myPrivateKey = '0x94cb9f766ef067eb229da85213439cf4cbbcd0dc97ede9479be5ee4b7a93b96f'


''' =========================== SOME FUNCTIONS ============================ '''
# see http://www.jsonrpc.org/specification
# and https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC

def createJSONRPCRequestObject(_method, _params, _requestId):
    return {"jsonrpc":"2.0",
            "method":_method,
            "params":_params, # must be an array [value1, value2, ..., valueN]
            "id":_requestId}, _requestId+1

def postJSONRPCRequestObject(_HTTPEnpoint, _jsonRPCRequestObject):
    response = session.post(_HTTPEnpoint,
                            json=_jsonRPCRequestObject,
                            headers={'Content-type': 'application/json'})

    return response.json()


''' ======================= DEPLOY A SMART CONTRACT ======================= '''
### get your nonce
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionCount', [myAddress, 'latest'], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
myNonce = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('nonce of address {} is {}'.format(myAddress, myNonce))

### create your transaction
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
                    'to':'', # empty address for deploying a new contract
                    'chainId':CHAINID,
                    'gasPrice':1, # careful with gas price, gas price below the --gasprice option of Geth CLI will cause problems. I am running my node with --gasprice '1'
                    'gas':2000000, # rule of thumb / guess work
                    'nonce':myNonce,
                    'data':bytecode} # no constrctor in my smart contract so bytecode is enough

### sign the transaction
signed_transaction_dict = w3.eth.account.signTransaction(transaction_dict, myPrivateKey)
params = [signed_transaction_dict.rawTransaction.hex()]

### send the transacton to your node
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_sendRawTransaction', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
transactionHash = responseObject['result']
print('contract submission hash {}'.format(transactionHash))

### wait for the transaction to be mined and get the address of the new contract
while(True):
    requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionReceipt', [transactionHash], requestId)
    responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
    receipt = responseObject['result']
    if(receipt is not None):
        if(receipt['status'] == '0x1'):
            contractAddress = receipt['contractAddress']
            print('newly deployed contract at address {}'.format(contractAddress))
        else:
            pp.pprint(responseObject)
            raise ValueError('transacation status is "0x0", failed to deploy contract. Check gas, gasPrice first')
        break
    time.sleep(PERIOD/10)


''' ================= SEND A TRANSACTION TO SMART CONTRACT  ================'''
### get your nonce
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionCount', [myAddress, 'latest'], requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
myNonce = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('nonce of address {} is {}'.format(myAddress, myNonce))

### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
value1, value2 = 10, 32 # random numbers here
function = 'add(uint256,uint256)' # from smart contract
methodId = w3.sha3(text=function)[0:4].hex()
param1 = (value1).to_bytes(32, byteorder='big').hex()
param2 = (value2).to_bytes(32, byteorder='big').hex()
data = '0x' + methodId + param1 + param2

transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
                    'to':contractAddress,
                    'chainId':CHAINID,
                    'gasPrice':1, # careful with gas price, gas price below the threshold defined in the node config will cause all sorts of issues (tx not bieng broadcasted for example)
                    'gas':2000000, # rule of thumb / guess work
                    'nonce':myNonce,
                    'data':data}

### sign the transaction
signed_transaction_dict = w3.eth.account.signTransaction(transaction_dict, myPrivateKey)
params = [signed_transaction_dict.rawTransaction.hex()]

### send the transacton to your node
print('executing {} with value {},{}'.format(function, value1, value2))
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_sendRawTransaction', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
transactionHash = responseObject['result']
print('transaction hash {}'.format(transactionHash))

### wait for the transaction to be mined
while(True):
    requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_getTransactionReceipt', [transactionHash], requestId)
    responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
    receipt = responseObject['result']
    if(receipt is not None):
        if(receipt['status'] == '0x1'):
            print('transaction successfully mined')
        else:
            pp.pprint(responseObject)
            raise ValueError('transacation status is "0x0", failed to deploy contract. Check gas, gasPrice first')
        break
    time.sleep(PERIOD/10)



''' ============= READ YOUR SMART CONTRACT STATE USING GETTER  =============='''
# we don't need a nonce since this does not create a transaction but only ask
# our node to read it's local database

### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
# state is declared as public in the smart contract. This creates a getter function
methodId = w3.sha3(text='state()')[0:4].hex()
data = '0x' + methodId
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
                    'to':contractAddress,
                    'chainId':CHAINID,
                    'data':data}

params = [transaction_dict, 'latest']
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_call', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
state = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('using getter for public variables: result is {}'.format(state))



''' ============= READ YOUR SMART CONTRACT STATE GET FUNCTIONS  =============='''
# we don't need a nonce since this does not create a transaction but only ask
# our node to read it's local database

### prepare the data field of the transaction
# function selector and argument encoding
# https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/abi-spec.html#function-selector-and-argument-encoding
# state is declared as public in the smart contract. This creates a getter function
methodId = w3.sha3(text='getState()')[0:4].hex()
data = '0x' + methodId
transaction_dict = {'from':myAddress,
                    'to':contractAddress,
                    'chainId':CHAINID,
                    'data':data}

params = [transaction_dict, 'latest']
requestObject, requestId = createJSONRPCRequestObject('eth_call', params, requestId)
responseObject = postJSONRPCRequestObject(URL, requestObject)
state = w3.toInt(hexstr=responseObject['result'])
print('using getState() function: result is {}'.format(state))


''' prints
nonce of address 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675 is 4
contract submission hash 0x64fc8ce5cbb5cf822674b88b52563e89f9e98132691a4d838ebe091604215b25
newly deployed contract at address 0x7e99eaa36bedba49a7f0ea4096ab2717b40d3787
nonce of address 0xF464A67CA59606f0fFE159092FF2F474d69FD675 is 5
executing add(uint256,uint256) with value 10,32
transaction hash 0xcbe3883db957cf3b643567c078081343c0cbd1fdd669320d9de9d05125168926
transaction successfully mined
using getter for public variables: result is 42
using getState() function: result is 42
'''