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POSIX 全称是 Portable Operating System Interface of UNIX ,表示可移植操作系统接口,本质上是一种编程标准。它定义了操作系统应该为应用程序提供的接口标准,是 IEEE 为要在各种 UNIX 操作系统上运行的软件而定义的一系列 API 标准的总称。
POSIX 线程是 POSIX 的线程标准,也称为 Pthreads ,它定义了创建和管理线程的一套 API 。本文的 Pthreads 是实现 POSIX 线程标准的 c 语言编程库。在 Linux 系统中,一般多线程的实现由 POSIX 多线程编程实现,而 Android 系统基于 Linux 系统,原生便支持 POSIX 多线程编程。
POSIX Linux 编译命令:gcc hello.c -o hello -lpthread
,执行命令:./hello
。
由于本文讲的是 NDK 开发,代码编译基于 Android 平台实现。
线程创建相关 API:
pthread_t 线程 id 。
pthread_create 负责创建线程,传入 pthread_t(线程 ID )的指针,线程的执行方法和传入线程的参数。
pthread_join 使当前线程挂起,等待指定线程执行结束,并获取线程返回值。
pthread_exit 退出当前线程,并且可以设置当前线程的返回值。
pthread_cancel 终止当前线程。
#include
#include
#include "hello-thread.h"
#define NUM_THREADS 5
// 类似于 Java Runnable
void *run(void *arg){
// 取传入当前线程的参数
char *thread_tag = (char*)arg;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
LOGD("%s thread %d", thread_tag, i);
if (i == 4) {
// 结束当前线程,参数为线程结束后的返回值
pthread_exit(thread_tag);
//pthread_cancel(); send a cancellation request to a thread
}
}
return 0; // 线程正常执行完成后的返回值
}
void create_threads(){
LOGD("Main thread");
char tag_arr[][5] = {"No.1","No.2","No.3","No.4","No.5"};
//线程 id ,用于区分线程,一个线程对应一个唯一的 id
pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) {
// 创建线程,指定 run 方法,传入参数 tags[i]
pthread_create(&tids[i], NULL, run, (void *) tag_arr[i]);
}
void *return_val[NUM_THREADS];
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) {
// 阻塞当前线程,等待指定 tid 的线程结束,并获取线程返回值
// join with a terminated thread
pthread_join(tids[i], &return_val[i]);
LOGD("thread %s terminated.", (char*)return_val[i]);
}
}
运行结果:
I/hello-thread: Main thread
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 0
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 1
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 2
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 3
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 4
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 0
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 1
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 2
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 3
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 4
I/hello-thread: No.3 thread 0
I/hello-thread: No.3 thread 1
I/hello-thread: No.3 thread 2
I/hello-thread: No.3 thread 3
I/hello-thread: No.3 thread 4
I/hello-thread: No.4 thread 0
I/hello-thread: No.4 thread 1
I/hello-thread: No.4 thread 2
I/hello-thread: No.4 thread 3
I/hello-thread: No.4 thread 4
I/hello-thread: thread No.1 terminated.
I/hello-thread: No.5 thread 0
I/hello-thread: No.5 thread 1
I/hello-thread: No.5 thread 2
I/hello-thread: No.5 thread 3
I/hello-thread: No.5 thread 4
I/hello-thread: thread No.2 terminated.
I/hello-thread: thread No.3 terminated.
I/hello-thread: thread No.4 terminated.
I/hello-thread: thread No.5 terminated.
线程同步相关 API :
pthread_mutex_t 互斥锁。
pthread_mutex_init 初始化互斥锁,需传入互斥锁的指针。
pthread_mutex_destroy 销毁互斥锁,需传入互斥锁的指针。
pthread_mutex_lock 加锁,需传入互斥锁的指针。
pthread_mutex_unlock 解锁,需传入互斥锁的指针。
#include
#include
#include "hello-thread.h"
int g_count = 0;
// 互斥锁
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *asyn_run(void *arg){
// lock
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
// 取传入当前线程的参数
char *thread_tag = (char*)arg;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
// 休眠 200 ms
usleep(200 * 1000);
g_count ++;
LOGD("%s thread %d, g_count = %d", thread_tag, i, g_count);
}
// unlock
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
return thread_tag; // 线程正常执行完成后的返回值
}
void syn_thread(){
LOGD("Main thread");
// 初始化互斥锁
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
pthread_t t1, t2;
// 创建 2 个线程
pthread_create(&t1, NULL, asyn_run, "No.1");
pthread_create(&t2, NULL, asyn_run, "No.2");
void *rtn_val[2];
pthread_join(t1, &rtn_val[0]);
pthread_join(t2, &rtn_val[1]);
LOGD("thread %s terminated.", (char*)rtn_val[0]);
LOGD("thread %s terminated.", (char*)rtn_val[1]);
// 销毁互斥锁
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
}
运行结果:
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 0, g_count = 1
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 1, g_count = 2
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 2, g_count = 3
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 3, g_count = 4
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 4, g_count = 5
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 5, g_count = 6
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 6, g_count = 7
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 7, g_count = 8
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 8, g_count = 9
I/hello-thread: No.1 thread 9, g_count = 10
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 0, g_count = 11
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 1, g_count = 12
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 2, g_count = 13
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 3, g_count = 14
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 4, g_count = 15
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 5, g_count = 16
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 6, g_count = 17
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 7, g_count = 18
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 8, g_count = 19
I/hello-thread: No.2 thread 9, g_count = 20
I/hello-thread: thread No.1 terminated.
I/hello-thread: thread No.2 terminated.
线程间通信相关 API :
pthread_cond_t 条件变量,条件变量是线程同步的一种手段,使线程可以休眠等待某种条件出现。
pthread_cond_signal 发送一个信号给另外一个正在处于阻塞等待状态的线程,原本这两个线程竞争同一个 mutex lock 。
pthread_cond_wait 使当前线程处于阻塞状态,直到接收到其他线程发送对应的 cond_signal 。
pthread_cond_init 初始化条件变量。
pthread_cond_destroy 销毁条件变量。
#include
#include
#include "hello-thread.h"
// 共享数据
volatile int shared_count = 0;
pthread_mutex_t pthread_mutex;
// 条件变量
pthread_cond_t pthread_cond;
void *producer(void *arg){
char *tag = (char*)arg;
for (;;) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&pthread_mutex);
// 生产者生产产品
shared_count ++;
LOGD("%s thread 生产产品, count = %d", tag, shared_count);
// 通知消费者线程消费
pthread_cond_signal(&pthread_cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pthread_mutex);
// 休眠 200 ms
usleep(200 * 1000);
}
return (void*)0;
}
void *consumer(void *arg){
char* tag = (char*)arg;
for(;;){
pthread_mutex_lock(&pthread_mutex);
while (shared_count == 0){
// 当没有产品可以消费时,等待生产者生产(等待条件变量被唤醒,当前线程释放互斥锁)
// 当被其他线程唤醒时,解除阻塞状态,重新申请获得互斥锁
pthread_cond_wait(&pthread_cond, &pthread_mutex);
}
shared_count --;
LOGD("%s thread 消费产品, count = %d", tag, shared_count);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pthread_mutex);
// 休眠 500 ms
usleep(500 * 1000);
}
return (void*)0;
};
// 线程间通信
void communicate_thread(){
pthread_mutex_init(&pthread_mutex, NULL);
// 初始化条件变量
pthread_cond_init(&pthread_cond, NULL);
// 线程 id
pthread_t producer_tid, consumer_tid;
// 创建生产者线程
pthread_create(&producer_tid, NULL, producer, "producer");
// 创建消费者线程
pthread_create(&consumer_tid, NULL, consumer, "consumer");
// 等待线程结束
pthread_join(producer_tid, NULL);
pthread_join(consumer_tid, NULL);
// 销毁互斥锁
pthread_mutex_destroy(&pthread_mutex);
// 销毁条件变量
pthread_cond_destroy(&pthread_cond);
}
运行结果:
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 1
I/hello-thread: consumer thread 消费产品, count = 0
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 1
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 2
I/hello-thread: consumer thread 消费产品, count = 1
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 2
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 3
I/hello-thread: consumer thread 消费产品, count = 2
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 3
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 4
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 5
I/hello-thread: consumer thread 消费产品, count = 4
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 5
I/hello-thread: producer thread 生产产品, count = 6
I/hello-thread: consumer thread 消费产品, count = 5
......