Oracle常用基本查询语法

查询语句语法

select [column_name...]  from table_name[s]

where [conditional...]

group by [column_name] having...

order by [column_name] [asc/desc]

注:以下查询语句用到的是scott用户下的emp表

基本查询语句:

1.查询当前用户下的所有表:

select * from tabs;

2.给某个字段取别名:

select empno as eno from emp;

3.去重:
select distinct deptno from emp;
    
4.连接查询(将查询结果进行拼接显示):
select '姓名'||ename||'职位:'||job from emp;
    
5.空值的处理
select ename,(nvl(sal,0)+nvl(comm,0))*12 from emp;

6.排序:asc:顺序   desc:倒序
select ename from emp order by sal asc;
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
    
7.给表取别名:
  select el.empno,e1.ename from emp el where el.ename = 'SCOTT'

字符串函数:

//dual为oracle内置虚拟表
//返回指定数值的ascii码
select chr(88) from dual;
    
//concat为字符串连接函数
select concat (e1.ename,e1.sal) from emp e1;
select concat('1','2') from dual;

//initcap():将第一个字符转大写,其余字符变小写
select ename,initcap(ename) from emp;
//lower():将所有字符转换为小写
//upper():将所有字符转换为大写
select lower('ABCD') from dual;
select upper('abcd') from dual;

//lpad:左填充  rpad:右填充
select lpad(ename,20,'0') from emp;
select lpad(ename,20,'0') from emp;

//ltrim():去掉左边指定字符
//rtrim():去掉右边指定字符
select ename,ltrim(ename,'M') from emp;
select ename,rtrim(ename,'M') from emp;

//replace(表名,'原字符','替换字符')
select ename,replace(ename,'M','1');

//substr():截取字符串
select substr('abcdefg',1,3) from emp;
select length('123') from dual;

数字函数:
  //abs():返回指定数值的绝对值
  select abs(-1) from dual;
  //ceil():向上取整
  select ceil(11.5) from dual;
  //floor():向下取整
  select floor(11.5) from dual;
  //power(a,b):求a的b次方
  select power(2,3) from dual;
  //round(a,b):按四舍五入,保留b位小数
 select round(15.5,1) from dual;
  //mod(a,b):取余(a与b相除所得余数)
 select mod(5,2) from dual;
  //trunc(a,b):截取字符串
  select trunc(11.5,3) from dual;
 
时间函数:
//add_months(date,count):表示在指定日期,增加count个月
select hiredate,add_months(hiredate,5) from emp;
//last_day(date):返回date所在月的最后一天
select last_day(to_date('2020-04-09','YYYY-MM-DD')) from dual;
//months_between(date1,date2):返回date1和date2间隔的月数
select months_between(sysdate,hiredate) from emp;
//next_day(date,'day'):返回指定日期后的第一个星期几的日期,day为星期
select next_day(to_date('2020-04-09','YYYY-MM-DD'),'星期一') from dual;
//sysdate:获取系统当前日期
select sysdate from dual;
//current_timestamp:获取当前时间和日期值
select current_timestamp from dual;
//round:对日期进行四舍五入
select round(to_date('2020-04-09','YYYY-MM-DD'),'DD') from dual;
//trunc:对日期进行截取
select trunc(to_date('2020-04-09','YYYY-MM-DD'),'DD') from dual;

类型转换函数:
//to_char(date,'format'):按指定格式format将数字或日期类型转换为字符串
select to_char(hiredate,'YYYY') from emp;   //结果左对齐
select extract(year from hiredate) from emp;  //结果右对齐
//to_number(char):将包含了数字的字符串转换成数字数据
select to_number('$123','$123') from dual;  //字符串转数字

通用函数: 
//nvl(a,b):若a为空,则返回b
//nvl2(a,b,c):若a不为空,返回b,否则返回c
select nvl2(comm,comm,'0') from emp;

//nullif(a,b):若a=b,则返回null,否则返回a
select nullif('1','2') from dual;

//coalesce(expr1,expr2...):返回清单中第一个非空值
select coalesce('','','123','') from dual; 

//decode(colume|expression,search1,result1,search2,result2,..,default)
select decode(sal,'500','1','1100','2','3') from emp;

select case when sal = 500 
    then '1'
            when sal = 1100
    then '2'
            else '3'
            end 
            from emp;
                
分组函数
  //avg()、max()、min()、count()、group by()、having
    
//连接查询    
select * from emp e1 left join dept d1 on e1.deptno = d1.deptno(+);
//+:表示补充缺省值
<=> select * from emp e1 dept d1 where e1.deptno = d1.deptno

//笛卡尔积
select * from emp,dept;
    
//自查询
select e1.*,e2.ename from emp e1,emp e2 where e1.mgr = e2.empno(+);

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