首先感谢Google，没有它，今天就要交白卷啦！
1
work out all the laws that govern the universe by pure thought
Toaccomplish by work or effort
Wework out the research by bioinformatics methods.
2
Vertically
adv.垂直地
Fromthe higher point on the table the water moves laterally, vertically, orobliquely downward.
3
Ifyou let go of a ball
allowsomeone or something to escape or go free.
放手
Shesuddenly let go of me-- she threw up her hands, and wrung them frantically inthe air.
4
Explicitly
adv.明白地;明确地
Henrynever said so explicitly, but certain constituencies were definitely offlimits.
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Newton’slaw of gravity
Newton'slaw of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particlein the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product oftheir masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance betweenthem. This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations bywhat Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. It is a part of classicalmechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiæ Naturalis PrincipiaMathematica, first published on 5 July 1687. (When Newton's book was presentedin 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton hadobtained the inverse square law from him; see the History section below.)
Inmodern language, the law states: Every point mass attracts every single otherpoint mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. Theforce is proportional to the product of the two masses and inverselyproportional to the square of the distance between them. The first test ofNewton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was theCavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in1798. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia andapproximately 71 years after his death.
Newton'slaw of gravitation resembles Coulomb's law of electrical forces, which is usedto calculate the magnitude of the electrical force arising between two chargedbodies. Both are inverse-square laws, where force is inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between the bodies. Coulomb's law has the product oftwo charges in place of the product of the masses, and the electrostaticconstant in place of the gravitational constant.
Newton'slaw has since been superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of generalrelativity, but it continues to be used as an excellent approximation of theeffects of gravity in most applications. Relativity is required only when thereis a need for extreme precision, or when dealing with very strong gravitationalfields, such as those found near extremely massive and dense objects, or atvery close distances (such as Mercury's orbit around the Sun).
6
elliptical
adj.椭圆的;省略的
7
Thereis no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving
Thereis no way to do something
Thereis no way to lend money to an unknown person.
8
Lack
v.（动词）
Tobe entirely without or have very little of.
缺乏：根本就没有或仅有一点
Thelack of rain aggravated the already serious lack of food.
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Absolutetime VS relative time
Absolutespace and time is a concept in physics and philosophy about the properties ofthe universe. In physics, absolute space and time may be a preferred frame.
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Timewas completely separate from and independent of space
时间是一个脱离空间存在的独立概念。
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Taketo be the commonsense view
Beingan independent person should take to be the commonsense view.
12
Jupiter
Jupiter
Ju.pi.ter
AHD:[j›“p¹-t…r]
D.J.[6d9u8p!t*]
K.K.[6d9up!t+]
n.（名词）
1.Roman Mythology The supreme god, patron of the Roman state and brother andhusband of Juno.Also calledJove
【罗马神话】朱庇特：统治诸神主宰一切的主神，古罗马的保护神，朱诺的弟弟和丈夫也作Jove
13
Propagation
PhysicsThe act or process of propagating, especially the process by which adisturbance, such as the motion of electromagnetic or sound waves, istransmitted through a medium such as air or water.
【物理学】传播：通过象空气或水这样的媒介传播传送的行为或过程，尤指电磁波或声波的运动等干扰过程
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ether
n.（名词）
1.Any of a class of organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are linkedby an oxygen atom.
醚，乙醚：一类有机化合物，它们以一个氧原子与两个包含在烃基中的碳原子相连接为特征
15
postulate
v.tr.（及物动词）
To make claim for; demand.
要求：声称对…拥有主权；要求
the chapter was then allowed topostulate the bishop of Bath.
16
velocity
n.（名词）
1.Abbr. vel.Rapidity or speed of motion; swiftness.
缩写vel.迅速，快速：运动的快速或速度；迅速
17
radius
n.（名词）【复数】ra.di.i
Abbr. R,r,rad.Mathematics
缩写R,r,rad.【数学】
A line segment that joins the center ofa circle with any point on its circumference.
圆半径：将圆心与圆周上任一连接起来的线段
18
cone
n.（名词）
1.Mathematics
【数学】
2.The surface generated by a straight line, the generator, passing through afixed point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed curve, the directrix.
锥面：由一条直线，即母线，通过一固定点，即顶点，沿一给定曲线，即准线，连续移动而产生的平面
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geodesic
adj.（形容词）
1.Mathematics Of or relating to the geometry of geodesics.
【数学】大地测量学的：大地测量几何学的或与之有关的
20
elongate
v.tr.intr.（及物动词和不及物动词）e.lon.gat.ed,e.lon.gat.ing,e.lon.gates
Tomake or grow longer.
加长：使…更长或长得更长
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Getrid of
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curvature
n.（名词）
1.
The act of curving or the state of being curved.
弯曲：弯曲的动作或被弯曲的状态