OTP一次性密码
OTP是One Time Password的简写,即一次性密码。在平时生活中,我们接触一次性密码的场景非常多,比如在登录账号、找回密码,更改密码和转账操作等等这些场景,其中一些常用到的方式有:
手机短信+短信验证码;
邮件+邮件验证码;
认证器软件+验证码,比如Microsoft Authenticator App,Google Authenticator App等等;
硬件+验证码:比如网银的电子密码器;
这些场景的流程一般都是在用户提供了账号+密码的基础上,让用户再提供一个一次性的验证码来提供一层额外的安全防护。通常情况下,这个验证码是一个6-8位的数字,只能使用一次或者仅在很短的时间内可用(比如5分钟以内)。
HOTP基于消息认证码的一次性密码
HOTP是HMAC-Based One Time Password的缩写,即是基于HMAC(基于Hash的消息认证码)实现的一次性密码。算法细节定义在RFC4226(https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4226),算法公式为: HOTP(Key,Counter) ,拆开是 Truncate(HMAC-SHA-1(Key,Counter)) 。
Key:密钥;
Counter:一个计数器;
HMAC-SHA-1:基于SHA1的HMAC算法的一个函数,返回MAC的值,MAC是一个20bytes(160bits)的字节数组;
Truncate:一个截取数字的函数,以3中的MAC为参数,按照指定规则,得到一个6位或者8位数字
TOTP基于时间的一次性密码
TOTP是Time-Based One Time Password的缩写。TOTP是在HOTP的基础上扩展的一个算法,算法细节定义在RFC6238(https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6238),其核心在于把HOTP中的counter换成了时间T,可以简单的理解为一个当前时间的时间戳(unixtime)。一般实际应用中会固定一个时间的步长,比如30秒,60秒,120秒等等,也就是说再这个步长的时间内,基于TOTP算法算出的OTP值是一样的。
举例:
Nuget:
System.Security.Cryptography.Algorithms
Rfc6238AuthenticationService.cs
来自:https://github.com/aspnet/AspNetCore AspNetCore/src/Identity/Extensions.Core/src/Rfc6238AuthenticationService.cs
// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Net;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
namespace OTP
{
using System;
using System.Text;
internal static class Rfc6238AuthenticationService
{
private static readonly DateTime _unixEpoch = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
private static readonly TimeSpan _timestep = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(3);
private static readonly Encoding _encoding = new UTF8Encoding(false, true);
private static readonly RandomNumberGenerator _rng = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();
// Generates a new 80-bit security token
public static byte[] GenerateRandomKey()
{
byte[] bytes = new byte[20];
_rng.GetBytes(bytes);
return bytes;
}
internal static int ComputeTotp(HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, ulong timestepNumber, string modifier)
{
// # of 0's = length of pin
const int Mod = 1000000;
// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4226
// We can add an optional modifier
var timestepAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(IPAddress.HostToNetworkOrder((long)timestepNumber));
var hash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(ApplyModifier(timestepAsBytes, modifier));
// Generate DT string
var offset = hash[hash.Length - 1] & 0xf;
Debug.Assert(offset + 4 < hash.Length);
var binaryCode = (hash[offset] & 0x7f) << 24
| (hash[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 16
| (hash[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 8
| hash[offset + 3] & 0xff;
return binaryCode % Mod;
}
private static byte[] ApplyModifier(byte[] input, string modifier)
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(modifier))
{
return input;
}
var modifierBytes = _encoding.GetBytes(modifier);
var combined = new byte[checked(input.Length + modifierBytes.Length)];
Buffer.BlockCopy(input, 0, combined, 0, input.Length);
Buffer.BlockCopy(modifierBytes, 0, combined, input.Length, modifierBytes.Length);
return combined;
}
// More info: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6238#section-4
private static ulong GetCurrentTimeStepNumber()
{
var delta = DateTime.UtcNow - _unixEpoch;
return (ulong)(delta.Ticks / _timestep.Ticks);
}
public static int GenerateCode(byte[] securityToken, string modifier = null)
{
if (securityToken == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(securityToken));
}
// Allow a variance of no greater than 9 minutes in either direction
var currentTimeStep = GetCurrentTimeStepNumber();
using (var hashAlgorithm = new HMACSHA1(securityToken))
{
return ComputeTotp(hashAlgorithm, currentTimeStep, modifier);
}
}
public static bool ValidateCode(byte[] securityToken, int code, string modifier = null)
{
if (securityToken == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(securityToken));
}
// Allow a variance of no greater than 9 minutes in either direction
var currentTimeStep = GetCurrentTimeStepNumber();
using (var hashAlgorithm = new HMACSHA1(securityToken))
{
for (var i = -2; i <= 2; i++)
{
var computedTotp = ComputeTotp(hashAlgorithm, (ulong)((long)currentTimeStep + i), modifier);
if (computedTotp == code)
{
return true;
}
}
}
// No match
return false;
}
}
}
Program.cs
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
namespace OTP
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var code = Rfc6238AuthenticationService.GenerateCode(UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("nii"));
var validateResult = Rfc6238AuthenticationService.ValidateCode(UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("nii"), code);
//HOTP基于消息认证码的一次性密码
//密钥key
var key = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("xx_key");
//计数器
var counter = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("xx_counter");
//otp6=068878
var otp6 = HOTP(key, counter, 6);
var otp5 = HOTP(key, counter, 6);
//otp8=33068878
var otp8 = HOTP(key, counter, 8);
//TOTP基于时间的一次性密码
//密钥keyvar
key = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("xx_key");
//在10秒内生成,otp是一样的
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
var otp = TOTP(key, 10, 6);
Console.WriteLine(otp);
Thread.Sleep(1000);
}
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
}
///
/// HOTP基于消息认证码的一次性密码
///
///
///
///
///
public static string HOTP(byte[] key, byte[] counter, int length = 6)
{
using (var hashAlgorithm = new HMACSHA1(key))
{
var hmac = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(counter);
var offset = hmac[hmac.Length - 1] & 0xF;
var b1 = (hmac[offset] & 0x7F) << 24;
var b2 = (hmac[offset + 1] & 0xFF) << 16;
var b3 = (hmac[offset + 2] & 0xFF) << 8;
var b4 = (hmac[offset + 3] & 0xFF);
var code = b1 | b2 | b3 | b4;
var value = code % (int)Math.Pow(10, length);
return value.ToString().PadLeft(length, '0');
}
}
///
/// TOTP基于时间的一次性密码
///
///
///
///
///
public static string TOTP(byte[] key, int step = 60, int length = 6)
{
var unixTime = (DateTime.UtcNow - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc)).TotalSeconds;
var counter = ((int)unixTime) / step;
var counterBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(counter);
return HOTP(key, counterBytes, length);
}
}
}